February 2012 – My Programming Notes

Monthly Archives: February 2012

C++ || Cash Register Simulation – Display The Total Sales Amount In Dollars & Cents Using Modulus

February 28, 2012 admin No comments

The following is a simple program which demonstrates more use of the modulus (%) function to manipulate integer data.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Modulus Type Casting - Int The Value Of U.S Currency

This program first prompts the user to enter in a monetary amount into the system. This number can be a decimal number, or a whole number. Once the user enters in an amount, the program will use the modulus operator to determine exactly how many 1 dollar bills, quarters, dimes, nickles, and pennies consisted of the amount that the user entered into the program. So for example, if the user entered the value of 2.34, the program would display the result of 2 dollars, 1 quarters, 0 dimes, 1 nickels, and 4 pennies.





		
		
			Cash Register Simulation
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 28, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  MakeChange.cpp
//    Description: The following is a simple program which demonstrates
//          how to make change. 
// ============================================================================
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	double initialAmount = 0;
	int remainingAmount = 0;
	int numberOfOneDollars = 0;
	int numberOfQuarters = 0;
	int numberOfDimes = 0;
	int numberOfNickels = 0;
	int numberOfPennies = 0;

	// Receive the amount
	cout << "Enter the total sales amount in dollars & cents (for example 19.87): ";
	cin >> initialAmount;

	// convert a 'double' to 'int' value
	remainingAmount = static_cast<int>(initialAmount * 100);

	// Find the number of one dollars
	numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100;
	remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;

	// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount
	numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25;
	remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25;

	// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount
	numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;
	remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10;

	// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount
	numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
	remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 5;

	// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount
	numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;

	// Display the results
	cout << "\nThe amount of $" << initialAmount << " consists of: \n" <<
		"\t" << numberOfOneDollars << " dollar(s)\n" <<
		"\t" << numberOfQuarters << " quarter(s)\n" <<
		"\t" << numberOfDimes << " dime(s)\n" <<
		"\t" << numberOfNickels << " nickel(s)\n" <<
		"\t" << numberOfPennies << " pennie(s)\n";

	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 28, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  MakeChange.cpp
//    Description: The following is a simple program which demonstrates
//          how to make change. 
// ============================================================================
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	double initialAmount = 0;
	int remainingAmount = 0;
	int numberOfOneDollars = 0;
	int numberOfQuarters = 0;
	int numberOfDimes = 0;
	int numberOfNickels = 0;
	int numberOfPennies = 0;
 
	// Receive the amount
	cout << "Enter the total sales amount in dollars & cents (for example 19.87): ";
	cin >> initialAmount;
 
	// convert a 'double' to 'int' value
	remainingAmount = static_cast<int>(initialAmount * 100);
 
	// Find the number of one dollars
	numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount / 100;
	remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;
 
	// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amount
	numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25;
	remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25;
 
	// Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount
	numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;
	remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10;
 
	// Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount
	numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
	remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 5;
 
	// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount
	numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;
 
	// Display the results
	cout << "\nThe amount of $" << initialAmount << " consists of: \n" <<
		"\t" << numberOfOneDollars << " dollar(s)\n" <<
		"\t" << numberOfQuarters << " quarter(s)\n" <<
		"\t" << numberOfDimes << " dime(s)\n" <<
		"\t" << numberOfNickels << " nickel(s)\n" <<
		"\t" << numberOfPennies << " pennie(s)\n";
 
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output
(Note: the code was compile three separate times to display different output)

====== RUN 1 ======
Enter the total sales amount in dollars & cents (for example 19.87): 19.87 The amount of $19.87 consists of: 19 dollar(s) 3 quarter(s) 1 dime(s) 0 nickel(s) 2 pennie(s) ====== RUN 2 ====== Enter the total sales amount in dollars & cents (for example 19.87): 11.93 The amount of $11.93 consists of: 11 dollar(s) 3 quarter(s) 1 dime(s) 1 nickel(s) 3 pennie(s) ====== RUN 3 ====== Enter the total sales amount in dollars & cents (for example 19.87): 3.00
The amount of $3 consists of: 3 dollar(s) 0 quarter(s) 0 dime(s) 0 nickel(s) 0 pennie(s)

C++ || Char Array – Palindrome Checker Using A Character Array, ToUpper, Strlen, Strcpy, & Strcmp

February 26, 2012 admin No comments

The following is a palindrome checking program, which demonstrates more use of char array’s, ToUpper, Strlen, & Strcmp.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Character Arrays Cin.getline How to convert text in a char array from lower to uppercase How to reverse a character array Palindrome - What is it? Strlen Strcpy Strcmp While Loops For Loops Constant Variables Setw

Using a constant value, by default, this program first asks the user to enter 5 words and/or sentences that they want to compare for similarity. If the text which was entered into the program is a palindrome, the program will prompt a message to the user via cout. This program determines similarity by using the strcmp function, to compare two arrays together. This program also demonstrates how to reverse a character array, aswell as demonstrates how to convert all the text which was placed into the char array from lower to UPPERCASE.





		
		
			Palindrome Checker Using A Char Array
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 26, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  palindrome.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates a simple palindrome checker
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

// constant value
const int NUM_WORDS = 5;

// function prototypes
void ConvertAllToUpper(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30]);
void ReverseCharArray(char palindrome[][30]);
void CheckIfPalindrome(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30], char words[][30]);

int main()
{
    // declare variable
    // this is a 2-D char array, which by default, has 
    // the ability to hold 5 names, each 30 characters long
    char words[NUM_WORDS][30];
    char wordsCopy[NUM_WORDS][30];
    char palindrome[NUM_WORDS][30];

    // get data from user
    cout << "\tWelcome to the Palindrome Check System!\n";
    cout << "\nPlease enter " << NUM_WORDS << " word(s) to check for similarity:\n";
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        cout << "\t#" << index + 1 << ": ";
        cin.getline(words[index], 30);
    }

    // copy the user input into the 'wordsCopy' &
    // 'palindrome' char array
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        strcpy(wordsCopy[index], words[index]);
        strcpy(palindrome[index], words[index]);
    }

    // create a line seperator
    cout << endl;
    cout.fill('-');
    cout << left << setw(30) << "" << right << setw(30) << "" << endl;

    // re-display the input to the screen
    cout << "\nThis is what you entered into the system:\n";
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        cout << "\tText #" << index + 1 << ": " << words[index] << endl;
    }

    // create a line seperator
    cout << endl;
    cout.fill('-');
    cout << left << setw(30) << "" << right << setw(30) << "" << endl;

    // function declaration
    // convert all the text contained in the 2 arrays to
    // UPPERCASE
    ConvertAllToUpper(wordsCopy, palindrome);

    // function declaration
    // reverses all the text contained inside the char array
    // to determine if it is a palindrome
    ReverseCharArray(palindrome);

    // display the palindrome's  to the screen
    cout << "\nHere are the palindrome's:\n";

    // function declaration
    // checks to see if the text contained in the char
    // array is a palindrome or not
    CheckIfPalindrome(wordsCopy, palindrome, words);

    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main

void ConvertAllToUpper(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30])
{
    int index = 0;

    // increment thru the current char array index
    while (index < NUM_WORDS)
    {
        // increment thru each letter within the current char array index
        for (unsigned currentChar = 0; currentChar < strlen(wordsCopy[index]); ++currentChar)
        {
            // checks each letter in the current array index
            // to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
            // if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
            if (islower(wordsCopy[index][currentChar]))
            {
                wordsCopy[index][currentChar] = toupper(wordsCopy[index][currentChar]);
                palindrome[index][currentChar] = toupper(palindrome[index][currentChar]);
            }
        }
        ++index;
    }
}// end of ConvertAllToUpper

void ReverseCharArray(char palindrome[][30])
{
    int index = 0;

    // increment thru the current char array index
    while (index < NUM_WORDS)
    {    // get the length of the current word in the array index
        int wordLength = strlen(palindrome[index]) - 1;
        // increment thru each letter within the current char array index
        // reversing the order of the array
        for (int currentChar = 0; currentChar < wordLength; --wordLength, ++currentChar)
        {
            // copy 1st letter in the array index into temp
            char temp = palindrome[index][currentChar];
            // copy last letter in the array index into the 1st array index
            palindrome[index][currentChar] = palindrome[index][wordLength];
            // copy temp into last array index
            palindrome[index][wordLength] = temp;
        }
        ++index;
    }
}// end of ReverseCharArray

void CheckIfPalindrome(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30], char words[][30])
{
    int palindromeCount = 0;

    // increment thru the current char array index
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        // if the contents in the 'wordsCopy' & 'palindrome'
        // are the same, then the word is a palindrome
        if (strcmp(wordsCopy[index], palindrome[index]) == 0)
        {
            cout << "\tText #" << index + 1 << ": " << words[index] << " is a palindrome" << endl;
            ++palindromeCount;
        }
    }
    if (palindromeCount == 0)
    {
        cout << "There were no palindrome's found in the current list!\n";
    }
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 26, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  palindrome.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates a simple palindrome checker
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
 
// constant value
const int NUM_WORDS = 5;
 
// function prototypes
void ConvertAllToUpper(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30]);
void ReverseCharArray(char palindrome[][30]);
void CheckIfPalindrome(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30], char words[][30]);
 
int main()
{
    // declare variable
    // this is a 2-D char array, which by default, has 
    // the ability to hold 5 names, each 30 characters long
    char words[NUM_WORDS][30];
    char wordsCopy[NUM_WORDS][30];
    char palindrome[NUM_WORDS][30];
 
    // get data from user
    cout << "\tWelcome to the Palindrome Check System!\n";
    cout << "\nPlease enter " << NUM_WORDS << " word(s) to check for similarity:\n";
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        cout << "\t#" << index + 1 << ": ";
        cin.getline(words[index], 30);
    }
 
    // copy the user input into the 'wordsCopy' &
    // 'palindrome' char array
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        strcpy(wordsCopy[index], words[index]);
        strcpy(palindrome[index], words[index]);
    }
 
    // create a line seperator
    cout << endl;
    cout.fill('-');
    cout << left << setw(30) << "" << right << setw(30) << "" << endl;
 
    // re-display the input to the screen
    cout << "\nThis is what you entered into the system:\n";
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        cout << "\tText #" << index + 1 << ": " << words[index] << endl;
    }
 
    // create a line seperator
    cout << endl;
    cout.fill('-');
    cout << left << setw(30) << "" << right << setw(30) << "" << endl;
 
    // function declaration
    // convert all the text contained in the 2 arrays to
    // UPPERCASE
    ConvertAllToUpper(wordsCopy, palindrome);
 
    // function declaration
    // reverses all the text contained inside the char array
    // to determine if it is a palindrome
    ReverseCharArray(palindrome);
 
    // display the palindrome's  to the screen
    cout << "\nHere are the palindrome's:\n";
 
    // function declaration
    // checks to see if the text contained in the char
    // array is a palindrome or not
    CheckIfPalindrome(wordsCopy, palindrome, words);
 
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main
 
void ConvertAllToUpper(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30])
{
    int index = 0;
 
    // increment thru the current char array index
    while (index < NUM_WORDS)
    {
        // increment thru each letter within the current char array index
        for (unsigned currentChar = 0; currentChar < strlen(wordsCopy[index]); ++currentChar)
        {
            // checks each letter in the current array index
            // to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
            // if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
            if (islower(wordsCopy[index][currentChar]))
            {
                wordsCopy[index][currentChar] = toupper(wordsCopy[index][currentChar]);
                palindrome[index][currentChar] = toupper(palindrome[index][currentChar]);
            }
        }
        ++index;
    }
}// end of ConvertAllToUpper
 
void ReverseCharArray(char palindrome[][30])
{
    int index = 0;
 
    // increment thru the current char array index
    while (index < NUM_WORDS)
    {    // get the length of the current word in the array index
        int wordLength = strlen(palindrome[index]) - 1;
        // increment thru each letter within the current char array index
        // reversing the order of the array
        for (int currentChar = 0; currentChar < wordLength; --wordLength, ++currentChar)
        {
            // copy 1st letter in the array index into temp
            char temp = palindrome[index][currentChar];
            // copy last letter in the array index into the 1st array index
            palindrome[index][currentChar] = palindrome[index][wordLength];
            // copy temp into last array index
            palindrome[index][wordLength] = temp;
        }
        ++index;
    }
}// end of ReverseCharArray
 
void CheckIfPalindrome(char wordsCopy[][30], char palindrome[][30], char words[][30])
{
    int palindromeCount = 0;
 
    // increment thru the current char array index
    for (int index = 0; index < NUM_WORDS; ++index)
    {
        // if the contents in the 'wordsCopy' & 'palindrome'
        // are the same, then the word is a palindrome
        if (strcmp(wordsCopy[index], palindrome[index]) == 0)
        {
            cout << "\tText #" << index + 1 << ": " << words[index] << " is a palindrome" << endl;
            ++palindromeCount;
        }
    }
    if (palindromeCount == 0)
    {
        cout << "There were no palindrome's found in the current list!\n";
    }
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

Click here to see how cin.getline works.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output
(Note: The code was compiled 2 seperate times to demonstrate different output)

====== RUN 1 ======
Welcome to the Palindrome Check System! Please enter 5 word(s) to check for similarity: #1: SteP oN nO PEts #2: My ProGramminG NoTeS #3: RaTs liVE ON No eViL StaR #4: ABLe wAs I ErE I sAw ElBa #5: LiVE Non Evil ------------------------------------------------------------ This is what you entered into the system: Text #1: SteP oN nO PEts Text #2: My ProGramminG NoTeS Text #3: RaTs liVE ON No eViL StaR Text #4: ABLe wAs I ErE I sAw ElBa Text #5: LiVE Non Evil ------------------------------------------------------------ Here are the palindrome's: Text #1: SteP oN nO PEts is a palindrome Text #3: RaTs liVE ON No eViL StaR is a palindrome Text #4: ABLe wAs I ErE I sAw ElBa is a palindrome Text #5: LiVE Non Evil is a palindrome ====== RUN 2 ====== Welcome to the Palindrome Check System! Please enter 5 word(s) to check for similarity: #1: today Is Great #2: Tomorrow is Foriegn #3: Sunday Brunch #4: Hello SkiPper #5: Mayday Ship DowN! ------------------------------------------------------------ This is what you entered into the system: Text #1: today Is Great Text #2: Tomorrow is Foriegn Text #3: Sunday Brunch Text #4: Hello SkiPper Text #5: Mayday Ship DowN!
------------------------------------------------------------ Here are the palindrome's: There were no palindrome's found in the current list!

C++ || Char Array – Convert Text Contained In A Character Array From Lower To UPPERCASE

February 25, 2012 admin No comments

This program demonstrates how to switch text which is contained in a char array from lower to UPPERCASE. This program also demonstrates how to convert all of the text contained in a char array to lower/UPPERCASE.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Character Arrays Cin.getline Islower Isupper Tolower Toupper Strlen While Loops For Loops Constant Variables Setw

Using a constant integer value, this program first asks the user to enter in 3 lines of text they wish to convert from lower to UPPERCASE. Upon obtaining the information from the user, the program then converts all the text which was placed into the character array from lower to uppercase in the following order:

(1) Switches the text from lower to UPPERCASE (2) Converts all the text to UPPERCASE (3) Converts all the text to lowercase

After each conversion is complete, the program displays the updated information to the screen via cout.

NOTE: On some compilers, you may have to add #include < cstdlib>, #include < cctype>, and #include < cstring> in order for the code to compile.





		
		
			Convert Text From Lower To UPPERCASE
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

// constant value
const int NUM_NAMES = 3;

// function prototype
void ConvertLowerToUpper(char names[][30]);
void ConvertAllToUpper(char names[][30]);
void ConvertAllToLower(char names[][30]);

int main()
{
	// declare variable
	// this is a 2-D char array, which by default, has 
	// the ability to hold 3 names, each 30 characters long
	char names[NUM_NAMES][30];

	// get data from user
	cout << "Please enter "<<NUM_NAMES<<" line(s) of text you wish to convert from lower to UPPERCASE:nt";
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"#"<< index+1 <<": ";
		cin.getline(names[index],30);
		cout<< "t";
	}

	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 

	// re-display the input to the screen
	cout << "nThis is what you entered into the system:nt";
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}
	
	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 

	// display the switched lower to UPPERCASE text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information switched from lower to UPPERCASE:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertLowerToUpper(names);

	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}

	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 

	// display the 'all UPPERCASE' converted text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information converted to all UPPERCASE:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertAllToUpper(names);

	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}

	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 

	// display the 'all lowercase' converted text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information converted to all lowercase:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertAllToLower(names);

	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}

	return 0;
}// end of main

void ConvertLowerToUpper(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;

	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
			if (islower(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = toupper(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
			else  // if its UPPERCASE, change to lowercase
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = tolower(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// end of ConvertLowerToUpper

void ConvertAllToUpper(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;

	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
			if (islower(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = toupper(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// end of ConvertAllToUpper

void ConvertAllToLower(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;

	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its UPPERCASE, change to lowercase
			if (isupper(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = tolower(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/ 
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
 
// constant value
const int NUM_NAMES = 3;
 
// function prototype
void ConvertLowerToUpper(char names[][30]);
void ConvertAllToUpper(char names[][30]);
void ConvertAllToLower(char names[][30]);
 
int main()
{
	// declare variable
	// this is a 2-D char array, which by default, has 
	// the ability to hold 3 names, each 30 characters long
	char names[NUM_NAMES][30];
 
	// get data from user
	cout << "Please enter "<<NUM_NAMES<<" line(s) of text you wish to convert from lower to UPPERCASE:nt";
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"#"<< index+1 <<": ";
		cin.getline(names[index],30);
		cout<< "t";
	}
 
	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
 
	// re-display the input to the screen
	cout << "nThis is what you entered into the system:nt";
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}
	
	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
 
	// display the switched lower to UPPERCASE text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information switched from lower to UPPERCASE:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertLowerToUpper(names);
 
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}
 
	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
 
	// display the 'all UPPERCASE' converted text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information converted to all UPPERCASE:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertAllToUpper(names);
 
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}
 
	// create a line seperator
	cout<<endl;
	cout.fill('-');
	cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
 
	// display the 'all lowercase' converted text to the user
	cout << "nThis is the information converted to all lowercase:nt";
	
	// function declaration
	ConvertAllToLower(names);
 
	for(int index=0; index < NUM_NAMES; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"Text #"<< index+1 <<": "<<names[index]<<endl;
		cout<< "t";
	}
 
	return 0;
}// end of main
 
void ConvertLowerToUpper(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;
 
	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
			if (islower(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = toupper(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
			else  // if its UPPERCASE, change to lowercase
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = tolower(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// end of ConvertLowerToUpper
 
void ConvertAllToUpper(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;
 
	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its lowercase, change to UPPERCASE
			if (islower(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = toupper(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// end of ConvertAllToUpper
 
void ConvertAllToLower(char names[][30])
{
	int index=0;
 
	// increment thru the current char array index
	while(index < NUM_NAMES)
	{
		// increment thru each letter within the current char array index
		for(int currentChar=0;  currentChar < strlen(names[index]); ++currentChar)
		{
			// checks each letter in the current array index
			// to see if its lower or UPPERCASE
			// if its UPPERCASE, change to lowercase
			if (isupper(names[index][currentChar]))
			{
				names[index][currentChar] = tolower(names[index][currentChar]);
			}
		}
		++index;
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

Click here to see how cin.getline works.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

Please enter 3 line(s) of text you wish to convert from lower to UPPERCASE: #1: I StriKe hiM a heAVy bloW. #2: When cAn the neRve ShinE? #3: My Programming Notes.
------------------------------------------------------------ This is what you entered into the system: Text #1: I StriKe hiM a heAVy bloW. Text #2: When cAn the neRve ShinE? Text #3: My Programming Notes. ------------------------------------------------------------ This is the information switched from lower to UPPERCASE: Text #1: i sTRIkE HIm A HEavY BLOw. Text #2: wHEN CaN THE NErVE sHINe? Text #3: mY pROGRAMMING nOTES. ------------------------------------------------------------ This is the information converted to all UPPERCASE: Text #1: I STRIKE HIM A HEAVY BLOW. Text #2: WHEN CAN THE NERVE SHINE? Text #3: MY PROGRAMMING NOTES.
------------------------------------------------------------ This is the information converted to all lowercase: Text #1: i strike him a heavy blow. Text #2: when can the nerve shine? Text #3: my programming notes.

C++ || Snippet – How To Display The Current System Time & Date In C++

February 23, 2012 admin 1 Comment

This page consists of a simple program which demonstrates the process of displaying the current system time and date in C++.

This program utilizes the use of a “struct” data structure to obtain the necessary information to display the current system date and time. Knowledge of how this process works would be beneficial, but is not necessary. Click here for more information on how structs work.





		
		
			Display The Current Date/Time
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 23, 2012
//    Updated: Feb 6, 2021
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  program.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to display the current system time
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>  // used for time
#include <iomanip> // used for setw

std::tm getLocalTime(std::time_t timer);

int main() {
    // variable declaration for the current time
    auto now = getLocalTime(std::time(0));

    // display the current date in MM/DD/YYYY format
    std::cout << "Today's Date is: "
        << (now.tm_mon + 1) << "/"
        << (now.tm_mday) << "/"
        << (now.tm_year + 1900)
        << std::endl;

    // display the current system time in HH:MM:SS, AM/PM format
    std::cout << "\nThe current system time is: ";

    // display the hours
    if (now.tm_hour == 0) {
        std::cout << 12;
    } else {
        std::cout << now.tm_hour % 12;
    }

    std::cout << ":";

    // display the current mins/secs
    std::cout.fill('0');
    std::cout << std::setw(2)
        << (now.tm_min) << ":"
        << std::setw(2)
        << (now.tm_sec);

    // display AM/PM
    if (now.tm_hour >= 12) {
        std::cout << " PM";
    } else {
        std::cout << " AM";
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    std::cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main

std::tm getLocalTime(std::time_t timer) {
    std::tm bt{};
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
    localtime_s(&bt, &timer);
#else
    localtime_r(&timer, &bt);
#endif
    return bt;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 23, 2012
//    Updated: Feb 6, 2021
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  program.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to display the current system time
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>  // used for time
#include <iomanip> // used for setw
 
std::tm getLocalTime(std::time_t timer);
 
int main() {
    // variable declaration for the current time
    auto now = getLocalTime(std::time(0));
 
    // display the current date in MM/DD/YYYY format
    std::cout << "Today's Date is: "
        << (now.tm_mon + 1) << "/"
        << (now.tm_mday) << "/"
        << (now.tm_year + 1900)
        << std::endl;
 
    // display the current system time in HH:MM:SS, AM/PM format
    std::cout << "\nThe current system time is: ";
 
    // display the hours
    if (now.tm_hour == 0) {
        std::cout << 12;
    } else {
        std::cout << now.tm_hour % 12;
    }
 
    std::cout << ":";
 
    // display the current mins/secs
    std::cout.fill('0');
    std::cout << std::setw(2)
        << (now.tm_min) << ":"
        << std::setw(2)
        << (now.tm_sec);
 
    // display AM/PM
    if (now.tm_hour >= 12) {
        std::cout << " PM";
    } else {
        std::cout << " AM";
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
 
    std::cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main
 
std::tm getLocalTime(std::time_t timer) {
    std::tm bt{};
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
    localtime_s(&bt, &timer);
#else
    localtime_r(&timer, &bt);
#endif
    return bt;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

Today's Date is: 2/23/2012
The current system time is: 1:05:43 PM

C++ || Snippet – How To Do Simple Math Using Integer Arrays

February 14, 2012 admin No comments

This page will consist of simple programs which demonstrate the process of doing simple math with numbers that are stored in an integer array.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS SNIPPET

Integer Arrays For Loops Assignment Operators - Simple Math Operations Setw

Note: In all of the examples on this page, a random number generator was used to place numbers into the array. If you do not know how to obtain data from the user, or if you do not know how to insert data into an array, click here for a demonstration.

===== ADDITION =====

The first code snippet will demonstrate how to add numbers together which are stored in an integer array. This example uses the “+=” assignment operator.





		
		
			#1 - Addition Using An Int Array
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;

// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;

int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     int totalSum =0;
     srand(time(NULL));

     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 

     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }

     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";

     cout<<"nThe sum of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the sum of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalSum = totalSum + arry[i]
         totalSum += arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalSum <<endl;

     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;
 
// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;
 
int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     int totalSum =0;
     srand(time(NULL));
 
     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 
 
     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }
 
     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";
 
     cout<<"nThe sum of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the sum of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalSum = totalSum + arry[i]
         totalSum += arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalSum <<endl;
 
     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Original array values 64 85 44 31 35 2 94 67 12 80 97 10 -------------------------------------------------------- The sum of the items in the array is: 621

===== SUBTRACTION =====

The second code snippet will demonstrate how to subtract numbers which are stored in an integer array. This example uses the “-=” assignment operator.





		
		
			#2 - Subtraction Using An Int Array
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;

// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;

int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     int totalDiffetence =0;
     srand(time(NULL));

     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 

     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }

     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";

     cout<<"nThe difference of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the difference of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalDiffetence = totalDiffetence - arry[i]
         totalDiffetence -= arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalDiffetence <<endl;

     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;
 
// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;
 
int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     int totalDiffetence =0;
     srand(time(NULL));
 
     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 
 
     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }
 
     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";
 
     cout<<"nThe difference of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the difference of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalDiffetence = totalDiffetence - arry[i]
         totalDiffetence -= arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalDiffetence <<endl;
 
     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Original array values 10 43 77 10 2 17 87 67 6 95 57 18 -------------------------------------------------------- The difference of the items in the array is: -489

===== MULTIPLICATION =====

The third code snippet will demonstrate how to multiply numbers which are stored in an integer array. This example uses the “*=” assignment operator.





		
		
			#3 - Multiplication Using An Int Array
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;

// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;

int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     int totalProduct =1;
     srand(time(NULL));

     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 

     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }

     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";

     cout<<"nThe product of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the product of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalProduct = totalProduct * arry[i];
         totalProduct *= arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalProduct <<endl;

     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;
 
// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;
 
int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     int totalProduct =1;
     srand(time(NULL));
 
     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 
 
     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }
 
     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";
 
     cout<<"nThe product of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the product of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalProduct = totalProduct * arry[i];
         totalProduct *= arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalProduct <<endl;
 
     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Original array values 33 36 52 28 4 99 97 17 42 81 83 33 -------------------------------------------------------- The product of the items in the array is: 1803759104

===== DIVISION =====

The fourth code snippet will demonstrate how to divide numbers which are stored in an integer array. This example uses the “/=” assignment operator.





		
		
			#4 - Division Using An Int Array
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;

// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;

int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     float totalQuotient =1; // need to save the variable as a float, not an int
     srand(time(NULL));

     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 

     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }

     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";

     cout<<"nThe quotient of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the quotient of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalQuotient = totalQuotient / arry[i];
         totalQuotient /= arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalQuotient <<endl;

     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>  // used for setw
#include <ctime>   // used for srand & rand
using namespace std;
 
// const int allocating space for the array
const int NUM_INTS = 12;
 
int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
     float totalQuotient =1; // need to save the variable as a float, not an int
     srand(time(NULL));
 
     // place random numbers into the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          arry[i] =rand()%100+1;
     } 
 
     cout << "Original array values" << endl;
     // Display the original array values
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
          cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
     }
 
     // creates a line seperator 
     cout << "n--------------------------------------------------------";
 
     cout<<"nThe quotient of the items in the array is: ";
     // Find the quotient of the values in the array
     for(int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; i++)
     {
         // the code below literally means
         // totalQuotient = totalQuotient / arry[i];
         totalQuotient /= arry[i];
     }
     // after the calculations are complete, display the total to the user
     cout<< totalQuotient <<endl;
 
     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Original array values 75 38 59 14 53 42 29 88 92 27 69 16 -------------------------------------------------------- The quotient of the items in the array is: 2.72677e-020

C++ || Snippet – How To Read & Write Data From A File

February 12, 2012 admin No comments

This page will consist of a demonstration of a simple quadratic formula program, which highlights the use of the input/output mechanisms of manipulating a text file. This program will read in data from a file (numbers), manipulate that data, and output new data into a different text file.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS SNIPPET

Fstream Ifstream Ofstream Working With Files

NOTE: The data file that is used in this example can be downloaded here.

Also, in order to read in the data .txt file, you need to save the .txt file in the same directory (or folder) as your .cpp file is saved in. If you are using Visual C++, this directory will be located in

Documents > Visual Studio > Projects > [Your project name] > [Your project name]





		
		
			Input/Output Manipulation
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 12, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  FileInput.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to read data from a file
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <cstdlib> // used for the 'exit' command
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{ 
	// declare variables
	ifstream infile;
	ofstream outfile;
	double a=0,b=0,c=0;
	double root1=0, root2=0;

	// this opens the input file
	// YOUR INPUT FILE NAME GOES BELOW
	infile.open("INPUT_Quadratic_programmingnotes_freeweq_com.txt");

	// check to see if the file even exists, & if not then EXIT
	if(infile.fail()) 
	{
		cout<<"\nError, the input file could not be found!\n";
		exit(1); // exits the program
	}

	// this opens the output file
	// if the file doesnt already exist, it will be created
	outfile.open("OUTPUT_Quadratic_programmingnotes_freeweq_com.txt");

	// this loop reads in data until there is no more 
	// data contained in the file
	while(infile.good())
	{
		// this assigns the incoming data to the
		// variables 'a', 'b' and 'c'
		// NOTE: it is just like a cin >> statement
		infile >> a >> b >> c;

		// NOTE: if you want to read in data into an array
		// your declaration would be like this
		// ------------------------------------ 
		// infile >> a[counter] >> b[counter] >> c[counter];
		// ++counter;
	}

	// this does the quadratic formula calculations
	root1 = ((-b) + sqrt(pow(b,2) - (4*a*c)))/(2*a);
	root2 = ((-b) - sqrt(pow(b,2) - (4*a*c)))/(2*a);

	// this displays the numbers to screen via cout
	cout <<"For the numbers\na = "<<a<<"\nb = "<<b<<"\nc = "<<c<<endl;
	cout <<"\nroot 1 = "<<root1<<"\nroot 2 = "<<root2<<endl;
	
	// this saves the data to the output file
	// NOTE: its almost exactly the same as the cout statement
	outfile <<"For the numbers\na = "<<a<<"\nb = "<<b<<"\nc = "<<c<<endl;
	outfile <<"\nroot 1 = "<<root1<<"\nroot 2 = "<<root2<<endl;

	// close the input/output files once you are done using them
	infile.close();
	outfile.close();

	// stops the program from automatically closing
	cin.get();

	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 12, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  FileInput.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to read data from a file
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <cstdlib> // used for the 'exit' command
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
 
int main ()
{ 
	// declare variables
	ifstream infile;
	ofstream outfile;
	double a=0,b=0,c=0;
	double root1=0, root2=0;
 
	// this opens the input file
	// YOUR INPUT FILE NAME GOES BELOW
	infile.open("INPUT_Quadratic_programmingnotes_freeweq_com.txt");
 
	// check to see if the file even exists, & if not then EXIT
	if(infile.fail()) 
	{
		cout<<"\nError, the input file could not be found!\n";
		exit(1); // exits the program
	}
 
	// this opens the output file
	// if the file doesnt already exist, it will be created
	outfile.open("OUTPUT_Quadratic_programmingnotes_freeweq_com.txt");
 
	// this loop reads in data until there is no more 
	// data contained in the file
	while(infile.good())
	{
		// this assigns the incoming data to the
		// variables 'a', 'b' and 'c'
		// NOTE: it is just like a cin >> statement
		infile >> a >> b >> c;
 
		// NOTE: if you want to read in data into an array
		// your declaration would be like this
		// ------------------------------------ 
		// infile >> a[counter] >> b[counter] >> c[counter];
		// ++counter;
	}
 
	// this does the quadratic formula calculations
	root1 = ((-b) + sqrt(pow(b,2) - (4*a*c)))/(2*a);
	root2 = ((-b) - sqrt(pow(b,2) - (4*a*c)))/(2*a);
 
	// this displays the numbers to screen via cout
	cout <<"For the numbers\na = "<<a<<"\nb = "<<b<<"\nc = "<<c<<endl;
	cout <<"\nroot 1 = "<<root1<<"\nroot 2 = "<<root2<<endl;
	
	// this saves the data to the output file
	// NOTE: its almost exactly the same as the cout statement
	outfile <<"For the numbers\na = "<<a<<"\nb = "<<b<<"\nc = "<<c<<endl;
	outfile <<"\nroot 1 = "<<root1<<"\nroot 2 = "<<root2<<endl;
 
	// close the input/output files once you are done using them
	infile.close();
	outfile.close();
 
	// stops the program from automatically closing
	cin.get();
 
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

For the numbers a = 2 b = 4 c = -16
root 1 = 2 root 2 = -4

C++ || Snippet – How To Find The Highest & Lowest Numbers Contained In An Integer Array

February 12, 2012 admin No comments

This page will consist of a simple demonstration for finding the highest and lowest numbers contained in an integer array.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS SNIPPET

Integer Arrays For Loops Setw

Finding the highest/lowest values in an array can be found in one or two ways. The first way would be via a sort, which would render the highest/lowest numbers contained in the array because the values would be sorted in order from highest to lowest. But a sort may not always be practical, especially when you want to keep the array values in the same order that they originally came in.

The second method of finding the highest/lowest values is by traversing through the array, checking each value it contains one by one to determine if the current number which is being compared truly is a target value or not. That method will be displayed below.





		
		
			Find The Highest/Lowest Numbers In An Array
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 12, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  arrayMinMax.cpp
//    Description: Determines the highest and lowest value in an array
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;

const int NUM_INTS = 14;

int main()
{
    // declare variables
    int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
    srand(time(NULL));

    // place random numbers into the array
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        arry[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
    }

    cout << "Original array values" << endl;
    // Output the original array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }

    // creates a line separator
    cout << "\n--------------------------------------------------------";

    // use a for loop to go thru the array checking to see the highest/lowest element
    cout << "\nThese are the highest and lowest array values: ";

    // set the lowest/highest to the first array item (if any)
    int lowestScore = NUM_INTS > 0 ? arry[0] : 0;
    int highestScore = lowestScore;
    for (int index = 1; index < NUM_INTS; ++index)
    {
        // if current score in the array is bigger than the current 'highestScore'
        // element, then set 'highestScore' equal to the current array element
        if (arry[index] > highestScore)
        {
            highestScore = arry[index];
        }

        // if current score in the array is smaller than the current 'lowestScore'
        // element, then set 'lowestScore' equal to the current array element
        if (arry[index] < lowestScore)
        {
            lowestScore = arry[index];
        }
    }// end for loop

    // display the results to the user
    cout << "\n\tHighest: " << highestScore;
    cout << "\n\tLowest: " << lowestScore;
    cout << endl;

    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 12, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  arrayMinMax.cpp
//    Description: Determines the highest and lowest value in an array
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
 
const int NUM_INTS = 14;
 
int main()
{
    // declare variables
    int arry[NUM_INTS]; // array is initialized using a const variable
    srand(time(NULL));
 
    // place random numbers into the array
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        arry[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
    }
 
    cout << "Original array values" << endl;
    // Output the original array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
 
    // creates a line separator
    cout << "\n--------------------------------------------------------";
 
    // use a for loop to go thru the array checking to see the highest/lowest element
    cout << "\nThese are the highest and lowest array values: ";
 
    // set the lowest/highest to the first array item (if any)
    int lowestScore = NUM_INTS > 0 ? arry[0] : 0;
    int highestScore = lowestScore;
    for (int index = 1; index < NUM_INTS; ++index)
    {
        // if current score in the array is bigger than the current 'highestScore'
        // element, then set 'highestScore' equal to the current array element
        if (arry[index] > highestScore)
        {
            highestScore = arry[index];
        }
 
        // if current score in the array is smaller than the current 'lowestScore'
        // element, then set 'lowestScore' equal to the current array element
        if (arry[index] < lowestScore)
        {
            lowestScore = arry[index];
        }
    }// end for loop
 
    // display the results to the user
    cout << "\n\tHighest: " << highestScore;
    cout << "\n\tLowest: " << lowestScore;
    cout << endl;
 
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

Original array values 10 14 1 94 29 25 7 95 11 17 6 71 100 59 -------------------------------------------------------- These are the highest and lowest array values: Highest: 100 Lowest: 1

C++ || Class – A Simple Calculator Implementation Using A Class, Enum List, Typedef & Header Files

February 11, 2012 admin No comments

The following is another homework assignment which was presented in a programming class, that was used to introduce the concept of the class data structure, which is very similar to the struct data structure.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Header Files - How To Use Them Class - Data Structure Enumerated List Typedef Do/While Loop Passing a Value By Reference Constant Variables Atoi - Convert String To Int Value

This is an interactive program which simulates a basic arithmetic calculator, where the user has the option of selecting from 9 modes of operation. Of those modes, the user has the option of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing two numbers together. Also included in the calculator is a mode which deducts percentages from any given variable the user desires, so for example, if the user wanted to deduct 23% from the number 87, the program would display the reduced value of 66.99.

A sample of the menu is as followed:
(Where the user would enter numbers 1-9 to select a choice)





		
		
			Calculator Options:
  1) Clear Calculator
  2) Set Initial Calculator Value
  3) Display The Current Value
  4) Add
  5) Subtract
  6) Divide
  7) Multiply
  8) Percentage Calculator
  9) Quit

Please enter a selection:
			
				
					
				
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						Calculator Options:
  1) Clear Calculator
  2) Set Initial Calculator Value
  3) Display The Current Value
  4) Add
  5) Subtract
  6) Divide
  7) Multiply
  8) Percentage Calculator
  9) Quit
 
Please enter a selection:

This program was implemented into 3 different files (two .cpp files, and one header file .h). So the code for this program will be broken up into 3 sections, the main file (.cpp), the header file (.h), and the implementation of the functions within the header file (.cpp).

NOTE: On some compilers, you may have to add #include < cstdlib> in order for the code to compile.

======== File #1 Main.cpp ========





		
		
			File #1 - main.cpp
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
// This program tests the CCalc class. A loop is entered where the user is
// prompted for a simple mathematical operation to be performed by the CCalc
// class. The user is allowed to manipulate the calculator until they
// indicate they wish to quit.
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include "CCalc.h"
using namespace std;


// defined constants
const   int         LENGTH = 81;

// function prototypes
void    DisplayMenu();
void    HandleMenuSelection(CCalc  &calcObject, int  menuItem);

// enumerated list
enum    MenuChoice  { ITEM_CLEAR = 1
                    , ITEM_SET_VALUE = 2
                    , ITEM_DISPLAY_VALUE = 3
                    , ITEM_ADD = 4
                    , ITEM_SUBTRACT = 5
                    , ITEM_DIVIDE = 6
                    , ITEM_MULTIPLY = 7
                    , ITEM_PERCENT = 8
                    , ITEM_QUIT = 9};

// ==== main ==================================================================
//
// ============================================================================

int  main()
{
    // variable declarations
    CCalc       calculator;  // 'calculator' is an accessor to the 'CCalc' class
    char        myString[LENGTH];
    int         menuItem=0;

    // initialize the calculator
    calculator.SetCurrentValue(0);

    // loop and let the user manipulate the calculator
    do{
	       // display the menu and get the user selection
        DisplayMenu();
        cout << "nPlease enter a selection: ";
        cin.getline(myString, LENGTH);

        // convert the ascii string into an integer
        menuItem = atoi(myString);

        // creates a line seperator after each task is executed
        cout<<setfill('-');
        cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
		
        // handle the menu selection
        HandleMenuSelection(calculator, menuItem);
        cout <<endl;
		
        // creates a line seperator after each task is executed
        cout<<setfill('-');
        cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 

        // ensures the menu isnt displayed twice on the screen
        if(menuItem!=1 && menuItem!=3 && menuItem!=9)
        {
		   cin.ignore();
        }
	}while(menuItem!=ITEM_QUIT);

	cout << "nBye....n";

	return 0;
}  // end of "main"

// ==== DisplayMenu ===========================================================
//
// This function displays the menu of options to stdout.
//
// Input:  nothing
//
// Output: nothing
//
// ============================================================================
void    DisplayMenu()
{
    cout << "Calculator Options:" << endl;
    cout << "  1) Clear Calculator" << endl;
    cout << "  2) Set Initial Calculator Value" << endl;
    cout << "  3) Display The Current Value" << endl;
    cout << "  4) Add" << endl;
    cout << "  5) Subtract" << endl;
    cout << "  6) Divide" << endl;
    cout << "  7) Multiply" << endl;
    cout << "  8) Percentage Calculator" << endl;
    cout << "  9) Quit" << endl;
}  // end of "DisplayMenu"

// ==== HandleMenuSelection ===================================================
//
// This function handles the menu selection by examining the input integer
// value and calling the appropriate function.
//
// Input:
//      calculator      -- a reference to the CCalc class
//
//      menuItem        -- an integer representing the current menu selection
//
// Output:
//      The desired user selection
//
// ============================================================================
void   HandleMenuSelection(CCalc  &calculator, int  menuItem)
{
	double currentValue = 0;
	double prevNum = calculator.GetPreviousValue();

	// checks to see which user defined selection the calculator will execute
	// as defined in the enum list located above the main function.
	// A switch would be more practical to be used here, but i wasnt 
	// comfortable yet using switches when this program was initially made
	if (menuItem == ITEM_CLEAR)
	{
		cout << "nThe current value is " << calculator.Clear() << endl;
	}
	// set a initial value
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_SET_VALUE)
	{
		cout << "nPlease enter a new value to assign: ";
		cin >> currentValue;
		calculator.SetCurrentValue(currentValue);
	}
	// display current value
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_DISPLAY_VALUE)
	{
		cout << "nThe current value is: "<< calculator.DisplayCurrentValue() <<endl;
	}
	// add current number by another number
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_ADD)
	{
		cout << "nThe current value is: "<< prevNum <<endl;
		cout << "nPlease enter a number to be added to "<<prevNum<<": ";
		cin >> currentValue;	

		calculator.Add(currentValue);
		cout << "n"<<prevNum<<" + "<<currentValue<<" = "<< calculator.DisplayCurrentValue() <<endl;
	}
	// subtract current number by another number
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_SUBTRACT)
	{
		cout << "nThe current value is: "<< prevNum <<endl;
		cout << "nPlease enter a number to be subtracted from "<<prevNum<<": ";
		cin >> currentValue;

		calculator.Subtract(currentValue);
		cout << "n"<<prevNum<<" - "<<currentValue<<" = "
			<< calculator.DisplayCurrentValue() <<endl;
	}
	// divide current value by another number
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_DIVIDE)
	{
		cout << "nThe current value is: "<< prevNum <<endl;
		cout << "nPlease enter a divisor to be divided by "<<prevNum<<": ";
		cin >> currentValue;
		if (currentValue == 0)
		{
			cout << "nSorry, division by zero is not allowed...nPlease press ENTER to continue...";
			cin.get();
		}
		else
		{
			calculator.Divide(currentValue);
			cout << "n"<<prevNum<<" "<<char(246)<<" "<<currentValue<<" = "
				<< calculator.DisplayCurrentValue() <<endl;
		}
	}
	    // multiply current value by another number
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_MULTIPLY)
	{
		cout << "nThe current value is: "<< prevNum <<endl;
		cout << "nPlease enter a number to be multiplied by "<<prevNum<<": ";
		cin >> currentValue;
		
		calculator.Multiply(currentValue);
		cout << "n"<<prevNum<<" x "<<currentValue<<" = "
			<< calculator.DisplayCurrentValue() <<endl;
	}
	// convert value to decimal percent
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_PERCENT) 
	{
		cout << "nThe current value is: "<< prevNum <<endl;
		cout << "nPlease enter a percentage to be deducted from "<<prevNum<<": ";
		cin >> currentValue;
		
		cout << "n"<<currentValue<<"% off of "<<prevNum<<" is "
			<< calculator.GetPercentage(currentValue) <<endl;
	}
	// quit program
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_QUIT) 
	{
		cout << "nCalculator will now quit";
	}
	// user entered an invalid choice
	else
	{
		cout << "nYou have entered an invalid command...nPlease press ENTER to try again.";
	}
}  // http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
// This program tests the CCalc class. A loop is entered where the user is
// prompted for a simple mathematical operation to be performed by the CCalc
// class. The user is allowed to manipulate the calculator until they
// indicate they wish to quit.
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include "CCalc.h"
using namespace std;
 
 
// defined constants
const   int         LENGTH = 81;
 
// function prototypes
void    DisplayMenu();
void    HandleMenuSelection(CCalc  &calcObject, int  menuItem);
 
// enumerated list
enum    MenuChoice  { ITEM_CLEAR = 1
                    , ITEM_SET_VALUE = 2
                    , ITEM_DISPLAY_VALUE = 3
                    , ITEM_ADD = 4
                    , ITEM_SUBTRACT = 5
                    , ITEM_DIVIDE = 6
                    , ITEM_MULTIPLY = 7
                    , ITEM_PERCENT = 8
                    , ITEM_QUIT = 9};
 
// ==== main ==================================================================
//
// ============================================================================
 
int  main()
{
    // variable declarations
    CCalc       calculator;  // 'calculator' is an accessor to the 'CCalc' class
    char        myString[LENGTH];
    int         menuItem=0;
 
    // initialize the calculator
    calculator.SetCurrentValue(0);
 
    // loop and let the user manipulate the calculator
    do{
	       // display the menu and get the user selection
        DisplayMenu();
        cout << "nPlease enter a selection: ";
        cin.getline(myString, LENGTH);
 
        // convert the ascii string into an integer
        menuItem = atoi(myString);
 
        // creates a line seperator after each task is executed
        cout<<setfill('-');
        cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
		
        // handle the menu selection
        HandleMenuSelection(calculator, menuItem);
        cout <<endl;
		
        // creates a line seperator after each task is executed
        cout<<setfill('-');
        cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
 
        // ensures the menu isnt displayed twice on the screen
        if(menuItem!=1 && menuItem!=3 && menuItem!=9)
        {
		   cin.ignore();
        }
	}while(menuItem!=ITEM_QUIT);
 
	cout << "nBye....n";
 
	return 0;
}  // end of "main"
 
// ==== DisplayMenu ===========================================================
//
// This function displays the menu of options to stdout.
//
// Input:  nothing
//
// Output: nothing
//
// ============================================================================
void    DisplayMenu()
{
    cout << "Calculator Options:" << endl;
    cout << "  1) Clear Calculator" << endl;
    cout << "  2) Set Initial Calculator Value" << endl;
    cout << "  3) Display The Current Value" << endl;
    cout << "  4) Add" << endl;
    cout << "  5) Subtract" << endl;
    cout << "  6) Divide" << endl;
    cout << "  7) Multiply" << endl;
    cout << "  8) Percentage Calculator" << endl;
    cout << "  9) Quit" << endl;
}  // end of "DisplayMenu"
 
// ==== HandleMenuSelection ===================================================
//
// This function handles the menu selection by examining the input integer
// value and calling the appropriate function.
//
// Input:
//      calculator      -- a reference to the CCalc class
//
//      menuItem        -- an integer representing the current menu selection
//
// Output:
//      The desired user selection
//
// ============================================================================
void   HandleMenuSelection(CCalc  &calculator, int  menuItem)
{
	double currentValue = 0;
	double prevNum = calculator.GetPreviousValue();
 
	// checks to see which user defined selection the calculator will execute
	// as defined in the enum list located above the main function.
	// A switch would be more practical to be used here, but i wasnt 
	// comfortable yet using switches when this program was initially made
	if (menuItem == ITEM_CLEAR)
	{
		cout << "nThe current value is " << calculator.Clear() << endl;
	}
	// set a initial value
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_SET_VALUE)
	{
		cout << "nPlease enter a new value to assign: ";
		cin >> currentValue;
		calculator.SetCurrentValue(currentValue);
	}
	// display current value
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_DISPLAY_VALUE)
	{
		cout << "nThe current value is: "<< calculator.DisplayCurrentValue() <<endl;
	}
	// add current number by another number
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_ADD)
	{
		cout << "nThe current value is: "<< prevNum <<endl;
		cout << "nPlease enter a number to be added to "<<prevNum<<": ";
		cin >> currentValue;	
 
		calculator.Add(currentValue);
		cout << "n"<<prevNum<<" + "<<currentValue<<" = "<< calculator.DisplayCurrentValue() <<endl;
	}
	// subtract current number by another number
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_SUBTRACT)
	{
		cout << "nThe current value is: "<< prevNum <<endl;
		cout << "nPlease enter a number to be subtracted from "<<prevNum<<": ";
		cin >> currentValue;
 
		calculator.Subtract(currentValue);
		cout << "n"<<prevNum<<" - "<<currentValue<<" = "
			<< calculator.DisplayCurrentValue() <<endl;
	}
	// divide current value by another number
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_DIVIDE)
	{
		cout << "nThe current value is: "<< prevNum <<endl;
		cout << "nPlease enter a divisor to be divided by "<<prevNum<<": ";
		cin >> currentValue;
		if (currentValue == 0)
		{
			cout << "nSorry, division by zero is not allowed...nPlease press ENTER to continue...";
			cin.get();
		}
		else
		{
			calculator.Divide(currentValue);
			cout << "n"<<prevNum<<" "<<char(246)<<" "<<currentValue<<" = "
				<< calculator.DisplayCurrentValue() <<endl;
		}
	}
	    // multiply current value by another number
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_MULTIPLY)
	{
		cout << "nThe current value is: "<< prevNum <<endl;
		cout << "nPlease enter a number to be multiplied by "<<prevNum<<": ";
		cin >> currentValue;
		
		calculator.Multiply(currentValue);
		cout << "n"<<prevNum<<" x "<<currentValue<<" = "
			<< calculator.DisplayCurrentValue() <<endl;
	}
	// convert value to decimal percent
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_PERCENT) 
	{
		cout << "nThe current value is: "<< prevNum <<endl;
		cout << "nPlease enter a percentage to be deducted from "<<prevNum<<": ";
		cin >> currentValue;
		
		cout << "n"<<currentValue<<"% off of "<<prevNum<<" is "
			<< calculator.GetPercentage(currentValue) <<endl;
	}
	// quit program
	else if (menuItem == ITEM_QUIT) 
	{
		cout << "nCalculator will now quit";
	}
	// user entered an invalid choice
	else
	{
		cout << "nYou have entered an invalid command...nPlease press ENTER to try again.";
	}
}  // http://programmingnotes.org/

======== File #2 CCalc.h. ========

Remember, you need to name the header file the same as the #include from the main.cpp file. This file contains the function declarations, but no implementation of those functions takes place here.





		
		
			File #2 - CCalc.h
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
// File: CCalc.h
// ============================================================================
// This is the header file for the CCalc class.
// ============================================================================

#ifndef CCALC_HEADER
#define CCALC_HEADER

// a typedef statement to create a synonym for 
// the 'double' data type named "CCalcType"
typedef	double CCalcType;

class   CCalc    // this is the 'CCalc' class declaration
{
public:
    // constructor
    CCalc(); // initializes variables

    // member functions
    void        Add(CCalcType  value); // adds numbers together
    CCalcType   Clear();  // clears the current number in the calculator
    void        Divide(CCalcType  value); // divides numbers together
    CCalcType   DisplayCurrentValue(); // displays the current value in the calculator
    CCalcType   GetPreviousValue(); // returns the previous value in the calculator
    CCalcType   GetPercentage(CCalcType  value); // deducts a user specified percentage of a given value
    void        Multiply(CCalcType  value); // multiplies numbers together
    void        SetCurrentValue(CCalcType  value); // set a current value in the calculator
    void        Subtract(CCalcType  value); // subtracts two numbers together

     // destructor
     ~CCalc();  // deletes any variables contained in the class

private:
    CCalcType   m_total; // private variable used within the program
};
#endif  // CCALC_HEADER -- http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
// File: CCalc.h
// ============================================================================
// This is the header file for the CCalc class.
// ============================================================================
 
#ifndef CCALC_HEADER
#define CCALC_HEADER
 
// a typedef statement to create a synonym for 
// the 'double' data type named "CCalcType"
typedef	double CCalcType;
 
class   CCalc    // this is the 'CCalc' class declaration
{
public:
    // constructor
    CCalc(); // initializes variables
 
    // member functions
    void        Add(CCalcType  value); // adds numbers together
    CCalcType   Clear();  // clears the current number in the calculator
    void        Divide(CCalcType  value); // divides numbers together
    CCalcType   DisplayCurrentValue(); // displays the current value in the calculator
    CCalcType   GetPreviousValue(); // returns the previous value in the calculator
    CCalcType   GetPercentage(CCalcType  value); // deducts a user specified percentage of a given value
    void        Multiply(CCalcType  value); // multiplies numbers together
    void        SetCurrentValue(CCalcType  value); // set a current value in the calculator
    void        Subtract(CCalcType  value); // subtracts two numbers together
 
     // destructor
     ~CCalc();  // deletes any variables contained in the class
 
private:
    CCalcType   m_total; // private variable used within the program
};
#endif  // CCALC_HEADER -- http://programmingnotes.org/

======== File #3 CCalc.cpp. ========

This is the function implementation file for the CCalc.h class. This file can be named anything you wish as long as you #include “CCalc.h”





		
		
			File #3 - CCalc.cpp
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
// File: CCalc.cpp
// ============================================================================
// This is the function implementation file for the CCalc.h class.
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include "CCalc.h"
using namespace std;

CCalc::CCalc() // this is the constructor
{
	m_total = 0;
}// end of CCalc

void CCalc::Add(CCalcType  value)
{
	m_total += value;
}// end of Add

CCalcType CCalc::Clear()
{
	m_total = 0;
	return m_total;
}// end of Clear

void CCalc::Divide(CCalcType  value)
{
	m_total /= value;
}// end of Divide

CCalcType CCalc::DisplayCurrentValue()
{
	return m_total;
}// end of DisplayCurrentValue

CCalcType CCalc::GetPreviousValue()
{
	return m_total;
}// end of GetPreviousValue

void CCalc::Multiply(CCalcType  value)
{
	m_total *= value;
}// end if Multiply

void CCalc::SetCurrentValue(CCalcType  value)
{
	m_total = value;
}// end of SetValue

void CCalc::Subtract(CCalcType  value)
{
	m_total -= value;
}// end of Subtract

CCalcType CCalc::GetPercentage(CCalcType  value)
{
	CCalcType percent= value/100;
	CCalcType tempTotal = m_total; 

	tempTotal *= percent;
	m_total -= tempTotal;

	return m_total;
}// end of GetPercentage

CCalc::~CCalc() // this is the destructor
{
	m_total = 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
// File: CCalc.cpp
// ============================================================================
// This is the function implementation file for the CCalc.h class.
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include "CCalc.h"
using namespace std;
 
CCalc::CCalc() // this is the constructor
{
	m_total = 0;
}// end of CCalc
 
void CCalc::Add(CCalcType  value)
{
	m_total += value;
}// end of Add
 
CCalcType CCalc::Clear()
{
	m_total = 0;
	return m_total;
}// end of Clear
 
void CCalc::Divide(CCalcType  value)
{
	m_total /= value;
}// end of Divide
 
CCalcType CCalc::DisplayCurrentValue()
{
	return m_total;
}// end of DisplayCurrentValue
 
CCalcType CCalc::GetPreviousValue()
{
	return m_total;
}// end of GetPreviousValue
 
void CCalc::Multiply(CCalcType  value)
{
	m_total *= value;
}// end if Multiply
 
void CCalc::SetCurrentValue(CCalcType  value)
{
	m_total = value;
}// end of SetValue
 
void CCalc::Subtract(CCalcType  value)
{
	m_total -= value;
}// end of Subtract
 
CCalcType CCalc::GetPercentage(CCalcType  value)
{
	CCalcType percent= value/100;
	CCalcType tempTotal = m_total; 
 
	tempTotal *= percent;
	m_total -= tempTotal;
 
	return m_total;
}// end of GetPercentage
 
CCalc::~CCalc() // this is the destructor
{
	m_total = 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

Calculator Options: 1) Clear Calculator 2) Set Initial Calculator Value 3) Display The Current Value 4) Add 5) Subtract 6) Divide 7) Multiply 8.) Percentage Calculator 9) Quit
Please enter a selection: 0 ------------------------------------------------------------ You have entered an invalid command... Please ENTER to try again. ------------------------------------------------------------ Calculator Options: 1) Clear Calculator 2) Set Initial Calculator Value 3) Display The Current Value 4) Add 5) Subtract 6) Divide 7) Multiply 8.) Percentage Calculator 9) Quit Please enter a selection: 2 ------------------------------------------------------------ Please enter a new value to assign: 2 ------------------------------------------------------------ Calculator Options: 1) Clear Calculator 2) Set Initial Calculator Value 3) Display The Current Value 4) Add 5) Subtract 6) Divide 7) Multiply 8.) Percentage Calculator 9) Quit Please enter a selection: 3 ------------------------------------------------------------ The current value is: 2 ------------------------------------------------------------ Calculator Options: 1) Clear Calculator 2) Set Initial Calculator Value 3) Display The Current Value 4) Add 5) Subtract 6) Divide 7) Multiply 8.) Percentage Calculator 9) Quit Please enter a selection: 4 ------------------------------------------------------------ The current value is: 2 Please enter a number to be added to 2: 2 2 + 2 = 4 ------------------------------------------------------------ Calculator Options: 1) Clear Calculator 2) Set Initial Calculator Value 3) Display The Current Value 4) Add 5) Subtract 6) Divide 7) Multiply 8.) Percentage Calculator 9) Quit Please enter a selection: 5 ------------------------------------------------------------ The current value is: 4 Please enter a number to be subtracted from 4: 6 4 - 6 = -2 ------------------------------------------------------------ Calculator Options: 1) Clear Calculator 2) Set Initial Calculator Value 3) Display The Current Value 4) Add 5) Subtract 6) Divide 7) Multiply 8.) Percentage Calculator 9) Quit Please enter a selection: 6 ------------------------------------------------------------ The current value is: -2 Please enter a divisor to be divided by -2: -2 -2 ÷ -2 = 1 ------------------------------------------------------------ Calculator Options: 1) Clear Calculator 2) Set Initial Calculator Value 3) Display The Current Value 4) Add 5) Subtract 6) Divide 7) Multiply 8.) Percentage Calculator 9) Quit Please enter a selection: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------ The current value is: 1 Please enter a number to be multiplied by 1: 87 1 x 87 = 87 ------------------------------------------------------------ Calculator Options: 1) Clear Calculator 2) Set Initial Calculator Value 3) Display The Current Value 4) Add 5) Subtract 6) Divide 7) Multiply 8.) Percentage Calculator 9) Quit Please enter a selection: 8 ------------------------------------------------------------ The current value is: 87 Please enter a percentage to be deducted from 87: 23 23% off of 87 is 66.99 ------------------------------------------------------------ Calculator Options: 1) Clear Calculator 2) Set Initial Calculator Value 3) Display The Current Value 4) Add 5) Subtract 6) Divide 7) Multiply 8.) Percentage Calculator 9) Quit Please enter a selection: 9 ------------------------------------------------------------ Calculator will now quit ------------------------------------------------------------
Bye....

C++ || Snippet – Bubble Sort, Selection Sort, Insertion Sort, Quick Sort & Merge Sort Sample Code For Integer Arrays

February 11, 2012 admin 1 Comment

This page consists of algorithms for sorting integer arrays. Highlighted on this page are Bubble Sort, Selection Sort, Insertion Sort, Quick Sort, and Merge Sort.

In terms of performance and speed, the sorting algorithms on this page will be listed from the (on average) worst, to best case implementations.

Selection sort and Insertion sort are two simple sorting algorithms which are often more efficient than Bubble Sort, though all three techniques aren’t the top of the class algorithmically for sorting large data sets.

====== BUBBLE SORT ======





		
		
			#1 - Modified Bubble Sort
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 11, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  bubbleSort.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to sort an array using bubble sort
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;

// const int
const int NUM_INTS = 12;

// function prototype
void BubbleSort(int arry[], int arraySize);

int main()
{
    // variable declarations
    int arry[NUM_INTS];
    srand(time(NULL));

    // place random numbers into the array
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        arry[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
    }

    cout << "Original array values" << endl;
    // output the original array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    // creates a line seperator 
    cout << "\n--------------------------------------------------------\n";

    BubbleSort(arry, NUM_INTS);

    cout << "The current sorted array" << endl;
    // output the current sorted array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    cout << endl;

    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main

void BubbleSort(int arry[], int arraySize)
{
    bool sorted = false;

    do {
        sorted = true;
        for (int x = 0; x < arraySize - 1; ++x)
        {
            if (arry[x] > arry[x + 1])
            {
                int temp = arry[x];
                arry[x] = arry[x + 1];
                arry[x + 1] = temp;
                sorted = false;
            }
        }// end of for loop
        --arraySize;
    } while (!sorted);
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 11, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  bubbleSort.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to sort an array using bubble sort
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
 
// const int
const int NUM_INTS = 12;
 
// function prototype
void BubbleSort(int arry[], int arraySize);
 
int main()
{
    // variable declarations
    int arry[NUM_INTS];
    srand(time(NULL));
 
    // place random numbers into the array
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        arry[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
    }
 
    cout << "Original array values" << endl;
    // output the original array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    // creates a line seperator 
    cout << "\n--------------------------------------------------------\n";
 
    BubbleSort(arry, NUM_INTS);
 
    cout << "The current sorted array" << endl;
    // output the current sorted array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    cout << endl;
 
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main
 
void BubbleSort(int arry[], int arraySize)
{
    bool sorted = false;
 
    do {
        sorted = true;
        for (int x = 0; x < arraySize - 1; ++x)
        {
            if (arry[x] > arry[x + 1])
            {
                int temp = arry[x];
                arry[x] = arry[x + 1];
                arry[x + 1] = temp;
                sorted = false;
            }
        }// end of for loop
        --arraySize;
    } while (!sorted);
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

Original array values 91 65 53 93 54 41 69 76 55 90 10 62 -------------------------------------------------------- The current sorted array 10 41 53 54 55 62 65 69 76 90 91 93

====== SELECTION SORT ======





		
		
			#2 - Selection Sort
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 11, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  selectionSort.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to sort an array using selection sort
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;

// const int
const int NUM_INTS = 12;

// function prototype
void SelectionSort(int arry[], int arraySize);

int main()
{
    // variable declarations
    int arry[NUM_INTS];
    srand(time(NULL));

    // place random numbers into the array
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        arry[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
    }

    cout << "Original array values" << endl;
    // output the original array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    // creates a line seperator 
    cout << "\n--------------------------------------------------------\n";

    SelectionSort(arry, NUM_INTS);

    cout << "The current sorted array" << endl;
    // output the current sorted array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    cout << endl;

    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main

void SelectionSort(int arry[], int arraySize)
{
    for (int currentNumber = 0; currentNumber < arraySize; ++currentNumber)
    {
        int index_of_min = currentNumber;

        for (int previousNumber = currentNumber + 1; previousNumber < arraySize; ++previousNumber)
        {
            if (arry[index_of_min] > arry[previousNumber])
            {
                index_of_min = previousNumber;
            }
        }
        int temp = arry[currentNumber];
        arry[currentNumber] = arry[index_of_min];
        arry[index_of_min] = temp;
    }
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 11, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  selectionSort.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to sort an array using selection sort
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
 
// const int
const int NUM_INTS = 12;
 
// function prototype
void SelectionSort(int arry[], int arraySize);
 
int main()
{
    // variable declarations
    int arry[NUM_INTS];
    srand(time(NULL));
 
    // place random numbers into the array
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        arry[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
    }
 
    cout << "Original array values" << endl;
    // output the original array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    // creates a line seperator 
    cout << "\n--------------------------------------------------------\n";
 
    SelectionSort(arry, NUM_INTS);
 
    cout << "The current sorted array" << endl;
    // output the current sorted array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    cout << endl;
 
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main
 
void SelectionSort(int arry[], int arraySize)
{
    for (int currentNumber = 0; currentNumber < arraySize; ++currentNumber)
    {
        int index_of_min = currentNumber;
 
        for (int previousNumber = currentNumber + 1; previousNumber < arraySize; ++previousNumber)
        {
            if (arry[index_of_min] > arry[previousNumber])
            {
                index_of_min = previousNumber;
            }
        }
        int temp = arry[currentNumber];
        arry[currentNumber] = arry[index_of_min];
        arry[index_of_min] = temp;
    }
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

Original array values 87 74 58 64 4 43 23 16 3 93 9 80 -------------------------------------------------------- The current sorted array 3 4 9 16 23 43 58 64 74 80 87 93

====== INSERTION SORT ======





		
		
			#3 - Insertion Sort
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 11, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  insertionSort.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to sort an array using insertion sort
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;

// const int
const int NUM_INTS = 12;

// function prototype
void InsertionSort(int arry[], int arraySize);

int main()
{
    // variable declarations
    int arry[NUM_INTS];
    srand(time(NULL));

    // place random numbers into the array
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        arry[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
    }

    // output the original array values
    cout << "Original array values" << endl;
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    // creates a line seperator 
    cout << "\n--------------------------------------------------------\n";

    InsertionSort(arry, NUM_INTS);

    // display sorted values
    cout << "The current sorted array" << endl;

    // output the current sorted array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    cout << endl;

    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main

void InsertionSort(int arry[], int arraySize)
{
    int previousIndex = 0;
    int currentValue = 0;

    // iterate through entire list
    for (int index = 1; index < arraySize; ++index)
    {
        currentValue = arry[index];
        previousIndex = index - 1;

        while (previousIndex >= 0 && arry[previousIndex] > currentValue)
        {
            arry[previousIndex + 1] = arry[previousIndex];
            previousIndex = previousIndex - 1;
        }// end while loop
        arry[previousIndex + 1] = currentValue;
    }// end for loop
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 11, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  insertionSort.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to sort an array using insertion sort
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
 
// const int
const int NUM_INTS = 12;
 
// function prototype
void InsertionSort(int arry[], int arraySize);
 
int main()
{
    // variable declarations
    int arry[NUM_INTS];
    srand(time(NULL));
 
    // place random numbers into the array
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        arry[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
    }
 
    // output the original array values
    cout << "Original array values" << endl;
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    // creates a line seperator 
    cout << "\n--------------------------------------------------------\n";
 
    InsertionSort(arry, NUM_INTS);
 
    // display sorted values
    cout << "The current sorted array" << endl;
 
    // output the current sorted array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    cout << endl;
 
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main
 
void InsertionSort(int arry[], int arraySize)
{
    int previousIndex = 0;
    int currentValue = 0;
 
    // iterate through entire list
    for (int index = 1; index < arraySize; ++index)
    {
        currentValue = arry[index];
        previousIndex = index - 1;
 
        while (previousIndex >= 0 && arry[previousIndex] > currentValue)
        {
            arry[previousIndex + 1] = arry[previousIndex];
            previousIndex = previousIndex - 1;
        }// end while loop
        arry[previousIndex + 1] = currentValue;
    }// end for loop
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

Original array values 97 80 94 74 10 38 87 7 87 14 3 97 -------------------------------------------------------- The current sorted array 3 7 10 14 38 74 80 87 87 94 97 97

====== QUICK SORT ======

Quicksort is one of the fastest sorting algorithms, and is often the best practical choice for sorting, as its average expected running time for large data sets is more efficient than the previously discussed methods.





		
		
			#4 - Quick Sort
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 11, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  quickSort.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to sort an array using quick sort
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;

// const int
const int NUM_INTS = 12;

// function prototypes
void QuickSort(int arry[], int arraySize);
void QuickSort(int arry[], int start, int end);
int Partition(int arry[], int start, int end);

int main()
{
    // variable declarations
    int arry[NUM_INTS];
    srand(time(NULL));

    // place random numbers into the array
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        arry[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
    }

    cout << "Original array values" << endl;
    // output the original array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    // creates a line seperator 
    cout << "\n--------------------------------------------------------\n";

    QuickSort(arry, NUM_INTS);

    cout << "The current sorted array" << endl;
    // output the current sorted array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    cout << endl;

    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main

// the initial function call and initiates the sort
void QuickSort(int arry[], int arraySize) {
    QuickSort(arry, 0, arraySize - 1);
}// end of QuickSort

// recursive call that carries out the sort
void QuickSort(int arry[], int start, int end)
{
    if (start < end)
    {
        // partition the arry and get the new pivot position
        int newPiviotIndex = Partition(arry, start, end);
        // quick sort the first part
        QuickSort(arry, start, newPiviotIndex);
        // quick sort the second part
        QuickSort(arry, newPiviotIndex + 1, end);
    }
}// end of QuickSort

int Partition(int arry[], int start, int end)
{
    // choose a random pivot
    int pivotIndex = start + rand() % (end - start + 1);
    std::swap(arry[end], arry[pivotIndex]); // swap pivot with last element
    int left = start; // left index
    int right = end; // right index

    // compare and select smallest from the subarray
    for (int index = start; index <= right; ++index)
    {
        if (arry[index] < arry[right])
        {
            std::swap(arry[index], arry[left]);
            ++left;
        }
    }
    // move pivot to its final place
    std::swap(arry[right], arry[left]);

    return left; // return the position of the new pivot
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 11, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  quickSort.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to sort an array using quick sort
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
 
// const int
const int NUM_INTS = 12;
 
// function prototypes
void QuickSort(int arry[], int arraySize);
void QuickSort(int arry[], int start, int end);
int Partition(int arry[], int start, int end);
 
int main()
{
    // variable declarations
    int arry[NUM_INTS];
    srand(time(NULL));
 
    // place random numbers into the array
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        arry[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
    }
 
    cout << "Original array values" << endl;
    // output the original array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    // creates a line seperator 
    cout << "\n--------------------------------------------------------\n";
 
    QuickSort(arry, NUM_INTS);
 
    cout << "The current sorted array" << endl;
    // output the current sorted array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    cout << endl;
 
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main
 
// the initial function call and initiates the sort
void QuickSort(int arry[], int arraySize) {
    QuickSort(arry, 0, arraySize - 1);
}// end of QuickSort
 
// recursive call that carries out the sort
void QuickSort(int arry[], int start, int end)
{
    if (start < end)
    {
        // partition the arry and get the new pivot position
        int newPiviotIndex = Partition(arry, start, end);
        // quick sort the first part
        QuickSort(arry, start, newPiviotIndex);
        // quick sort the second part
        QuickSort(arry, newPiviotIndex + 1, end);
    }
}// end of QuickSort
 
int Partition(int arry[], int start, int end)
{
    // choose a random pivot
    int pivotIndex = start + rand() % (end - start + 1);
    std::swap(arry[end], arry[pivotIndex]); // swap pivot with last element
    int left = start; // left index
    int right = end; // right index
 
    // compare and select smallest from the subarray
    for (int index = start; index <= right; ++index)
    {
        if (arry[index] < arry[right])
        {
            std::swap(arry[index], arry[left]);
            ++left;
        }
    }
    // move pivot to its final place
    std::swap(arry[right], arry[left]);
 
    return left; // return the position of the new pivot
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

Original array values 50 94 1 16 51 63 41 17 70 28 6 34 -------------------------------------------------------- The current sorted array 1 6 16 17 28 34 41 50 51 63 70 94

====== MERGE SORT ======

Merge sort is a fast, stable sorting routine which, in the worst case, does about (on average) 39% fewer comparisons than quick sort.





		
		
			#5 - Merge Sort
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 11, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  mergeSort.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to sort an array using merge sort
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;

// const int
const int NUM_INTS = 12;

// function prototypes
void MergeSort(int arry[], int arraySize);
void MergeSort(int arry[], int start, int end);
void Merge(int arry[], int start, int midPt, int end);

int main()
{
    // variable declarations
    int arry[NUM_INTS];
    srand(time(NULL));

    // place random numbers into the array
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        arry[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
    }

    cout << "Original array values" << endl;
    // output the original array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    // creates a line seperator
    cout << "\n--------------------------------------------------------\n";

    MergeSort(arry, NUM_INTS);

    cout << "The current sorted array" << endl;
    // output the current sorted
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    cout << endl;

    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main

// the initial function call and initiates the sort
void MergeSort(int arry[], int arraySize)
{
    MergeSort(arry, 0, arraySize - 1);
}// end of MergeSort

// recursive call that carries out the sort
void MergeSort(int arry[], int start, int end)
{  // no significant comparisons are done during splitting
    if (start < end)
    {
        int midPt = (start + end) / 2;
        MergeSort(arry, start, midPt);
        MergeSort(arry, midPt + 1, end);
        Merge(arry, start, midPt, end);
    }
}// end of MergeSort

// sorts the sub array
void Merge(int arry[], int start, int midPt, int end)
{
    int leftFirst = start;
    int leftLast = midPt;
    int rightFirst = midPt + 1;
    int rightLast = end;
    int* tempArray = new int[rightLast + 1];
    int index = leftFirst;
    int saveFirst = leftFirst;

    while ((leftFirst <= leftLast) && (rightFirst <= rightLast))
    {// compare and select smallest from two subarrays
        if (arry[leftFirst] < arry[rightFirst])
        {
            tempArray[index] = arry[leftFirst]; // smallest assigned to temp
            ++leftFirst;
        }
        else
        {
            tempArray[index] = arry[rightFirst];
            ++rightFirst;
        }
        ++index;
    }

    while (leftFirst <= leftLast)
    {
        tempArray[index] = arry[leftFirst];
        ++leftFirst;
        ++index;
    }
    while (rightFirst <= rightLast)
    {
        tempArray[index] = arry[rightFirst];
        ++rightFirst;
        ++index;
    }
    for (index = saveFirst; index <= rightLast; ++index)
    {// copies from temp array to the initial array
        arry[index] = tempArray[index];
    }

    delete[] tempArray;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 11, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  mergeSort.cpp
//    Description: Demonstrates how to sort an array using merge sort
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
 
// const int
const int NUM_INTS = 12;
 
// function prototypes
void MergeSort(int arry[], int arraySize);
void MergeSort(int arry[], int start, int end);
void Merge(int arry[], int start, int midPt, int end);
 
int main()
{
    // variable declarations
    int arry[NUM_INTS];
    srand(time(NULL));
 
    // place random numbers into the array
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        arry[x] = rand() % 100 + 1;
    }
 
    cout << "Original array values" << endl;
    // output the original array values
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    // creates a line seperator
    cout << "\n--------------------------------------------------------\n";
 
    MergeSort(arry, NUM_INTS);
 
    cout << "The current sorted array" << endl;
    // output the current sorted
    for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
    }
    cout << endl;
 
    cin.get();
    return 0;
}// end of main
 
// the initial function call and initiates the sort
void MergeSort(int arry[], int arraySize)
{
    MergeSort(arry, 0, arraySize - 1);
}// end of MergeSort
 
// recursive call that carries out the sort
void MergeSort(int arry[], int start, int end)
{  // no significant comparisons are done during splitting
    if (start < end)
    {
        int midPt = (start + end) / 2;
        MergeSort(arry, start, midPt);
        MergeSort(arry, midPt + 1, end);
        Merge(arry, start, midPt, end);
    }
}// end of MergeSort
 
// sorts the sub array
void Merge(int arry[], int start, int midPt, int end)
{
    int leftFirst = start;
    int leftLast = midPt;
    int rightFirst = midPt + 1;
    int rightLast = end;
    int* tempArray = new int[rightLast + 1];
    int index = leftFirst;
    int saveFirst = leftFirst;
 
    while ((leftFirst <= leftLast) && (rightFirst <= rightLast))
    {// compare and select smallest from two subarrays
        if (arry[leftFirst] < arry[rightFirst])
        {
            tempArray[index] = arry[leftFirst]; // smallest assigned to temp
            ++leftFirst;
        }
        else
        {
            tempArray[index] = arry[rightFirst];
            ++rightFirst;
        }
        ++index;
    }
 
    while (leftFirst <= leftLast)
    {
        tempArray[index] = arry[leftFirst];
        ++leftFirst;
        ++index;
    }
    while (rightFirst <= rightLast)
    {
        tempArray[index] = arry[rightFirst];
        ++rightFirst;
        ++index;
    }
    for (index = saveFirst; index <= rightLast; ++index)
    {// copies from temp array to the initial array
        arry[index] = tempArray[index];
    }
 
    delete[] tempArray;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

Original array values 18 46 41 30 84 97 54 49 19 32 70 30 -------------------------------------------------------- The current sorted array 18 19 30 30 32 41 46 49 54 70 84 97

C++ || Dynamic Arrays – Create A Music Store Database Which Sorts CD Information & Display Grand Total

February 09, 2012 admin No comments

This program was presented as a homework assignment in a programming class to demonstrate the use of dynamic arrays, and pointer variables. The pointer variables which are displayed in this program are very excessive; and many are not needed, but it was good practice when trying to understand the logic behind it all.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Pointer Variables Dynamic Arrays 2-D Dynamic Arrays - How To Declare Bubble Sort While Loops For Loops Constant Variables Functions Switch Statements Toupper Strcpy Strcmp

This is an interactive program, which simulates a database for a music store, in which the user inputs data into the program (artist, CD title, genre, sales price, tax) and stores that information into multiple dynamic arrays (2-D and/or one dimensional dynamic arrays). The program will also apply any discounts that may currently be available for the selected CD genre, and applies that discount to the current CD information. When the user chooses to quit, the program will sort any data which is currently stored inside the array (by artist) in ascending order, and output the subtotal, tax applied, and grand total for all of the CD information which is entered into the array to the user.

After the program is complete, it will display a summary of the data which was stored into the array like so:

                                My Programming Notes Record Company
                                    Sales Report for 2/9/2012

Artist        Title   SalesPrice        Genre        DiscountRate     SubTotal      SalesTax   GrandTotal
Name1            CD1        12.99        Jazz         18.00%          10.65            1.26      11.91
Name2            CD2        12.99        Rap           7.00%          12.08            1.26      13.34

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total (2 transactions)                                                  22.73           2.52    25.25

My Programming Notes Record Company

Sales Report for 2/9/2012

Artist Title SalesPrice Genre DiscountRate SubTotal SalesTax GrandTotal

Name1 CD1 12.99 Jazz 18.00% 10.65 1.26 11.91

Name2 CD2 12.99 Rap 7.00% 12.08 1.26 13.34

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total (2 transactions) 22.73 2.52 25.25

NOTE: On some compilers, you may have to add #include < cstdlib> and #include < cstring> in order for the code to compile.





		
		
			Music Store Database
			
C++
			
			// =============================================================================
// This is an interactive program, which simulates a database for a music store 
// in which the user inputs data into the program (atrist, CD title, genre, 
// sales price, tax) and stores the data into a dynamic array. The program will 
// also apply any discounts that may currently be available to the selected CD 
// genre, and applies that   discount to the current CD. When the user choses 
// to quit, the program will  sort any data that is stored inside the array 
// (by artist) in ascending order and it will output the subtotal, tax applied, 
// and grand total for all of the CD information which is entered into the array
// =============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <string>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;

// function prototypes
double* GetDiscounts();
void DisplayMenu();
void GetCDInfo(char** &artist, char** &CDTitle, char** &genre,double* &salesPrice, double* &taxRate, int* numItems);
void GetDiscountRate(double* salesPrice,char** musicGenre, char** genre,int* numItems, double* &discountPercent,double* discountRate);
void GetSubTotal(double* salesPrice, double* discountRate, int* numItems,double* subTotal);
void GetTaxAmount(double* salesPrice, double* taxRate, int*numItems,double* salesTax);
void GetGrandTotal(double* subTotal,double* salesTax,int* numItems,double* grandTotal);
void SortData(char**artist, char**CDTitle, double*salesPrice, char**genre,double*discountPercent, double*subTotal, double*salesTax,  double*grandTotal, int* numItems);
void DisplayData(char**artist, char**CDTitle, double*salesPrice, char**genre,double*discountPercent, double*subTotal, double*salesTax, double*grandTotal, int* numItems);

// constant discount values 
// these values are defines within the
// 'GetDiscounts' function
const double* discounts = GetDiscounts();

// =============================================================================
// main
// =============================================================================
int main()
{
	//-- Declare Variables START ---//
	// numItems for artist array
	int* numItems = new int(0);

	// 2-D Dynamic array for music genres
	char** musicGenre = new char*[7];
	for(int index=0; index < 7; ++index)
	{musicGenre[index] = new char[13];}
	musicGenre[0]= "Classical";
	musicGenre[1]= "Country";
	musicGenre[2]= "International";
	musicGenre[3]= "Jazz";
	musicGenre[4]= "Pop";
	musicGenre[5]= "Rock";
	musicGenre[6]= "Rap";

	// 2-D Dynamic Array for artist name
	char** artist = new char*[50];
	for(int index=0; index < 50; ++index)
	{artist[index] = new char[20];}

	// 2-D Dynamic array for CD titles
	char** CDTitle = new char*[50];
	for(int index=0; index < 50; ++index)
	{CDTitle[index] = new char[20];}

	// 2-D Dynamic array of music genre
	char** genre = new char*[50];
	for(int index=0; index < 50; ++index)
	{genre[index] = new char[20];}

	// array for list price
	double* salesPrice = new double[20];

	// array for tax rate
	double* taxRate = new double[20];

	// array for discount amount
	double* discountRate= new double[20];

	// array for sales price
	double* subTotal = new double[20];

	// array for taxamount
	double* salesTax= new double[20];

	// array for grandTotal
	double* grandTotal = new double[20];

	// array for discount percent
	double* discountPercent = new double[20];

	// variable for the while loop menu 
	char* userInput = new char('n');

	// variable if the user wants to enter more data
	char* enterMoreData = new char('y');

	//-- Declare Variables END ---//

	// display menu
	DisplayMenu();
	cin >> userInput;

	// loop thru menu options
	while((toupper(*userInput) !='Q'))
	{
		switch(toupper(*userInput))
		{
		case 'E':
			// get artist info
			GetCDInfo(artist, CDTitle, genre, salesPrice, taxRate, numItems);
			// get discount
			GetDiscountRate(salesPrice, musicGenre, genre, numItems,discountPercent, discountRate);
			// get sub total
			GetSubTotal(salesPrice, discountRate, numItems,subTotal);
			// get tax amount
			GetTaxAmount(salesPrice, taxRate, numItems,salesTax);
			// get cash price
			GetGrandTotal(subTotal, salesTax, numItems,grandTotal);
			// ask if they want to enter more data
			cout << "nDo you want to enter more CD's? (y/n): ";
			cin >> *enterMoreData;
			if(toupper(*enterMoreData)=='Y')
			{
				(++*numItems);
			}
			else
			{
				(++*numItems);
				*userInput='q';
			}
			break;
		case 'D':
			DisplayData(artist, CDTitle, salesPrice, genre, discountPercent,subTotal,salesTax, grandTotal, numItems);
			break;
		default:
			cout<<"nYou have selected an invalid command";
			break;
		}
		//creates a line separator
		cout<<endl;
		cout<<setfill('-');
		cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 

		// if user wants to enter more data, display menu to screen
		if(toupper(*enterMoreData)=='Y')
		{
			DisplayMenu();
			cin >> userInput;
		}
	}// end of while loop
	// sort the current data inside the array
	SortData(artist, CDTitle, salesPrice, genre, discountPercent,subTotal,salesTax, grandTotal, numItems);

	// display the current data inside the array
	DisplayData(artist, CDTitle, salesPrice, genre, discountPercent,subTotal,salesTax, grandTotal, numItems);

	return 0;
}// End of Main

// =============================================================================
// DisplayMenu
// displays the menu to the user
// =============================================================================
void DisplayMenu()
{
	cout<<"Welcome to the CD Management System!";
	cout<<"nFrom the following menu, select an option";
	cout<<"nnE - Enter new CD information into the database";
	cout<<"nD - Display the current information in the database";
	cout<<"nQ - Quit";
	cout<<"nn>> ";
}// End of DisplayMenu

// =============================================================================
// DisplayData
// displays the current contents in the array. If there is nothing in the array
// the program promts a message to the user
// =============================================================================
void DisplayData(char**artist, char**CDTitle, double*salesPrice, char**genre,
			  double*discountPercent, double*subTotal, double*salesTax, 
			  double*grandTotal, int* numItems)
{
	double* totSalePrice = new double(0);
	double* totSalesTax = new double(0);
	double* totgrandTotal = new double(0);

	// variables which will get the current date
    time_t t = time(0);   // get current CPU time 
    struct tm * now = localtime(& t);

	// if array is empty, display message
	if(*numItems ==0)
	{
		cout<<"nThe database is currently empty!n";
	}
	else
	{
		// displays the company header to the user
		cout<<setfill(' ');
		cout << "nttttMy Programming Notes Record Company"
			<< "ntttt    Sales Report for "<<now->tm_mon + 1<<"/"<<now->tm_mday<<"/"<<now->tm_year + 1900<<"nn";

		// displays the categories which will be shown to the user
		cout <<setw(1)<<right<<"Artist"<<setw(13)<<"Title"<<setw(13)<<"SalesPrice"
			<<setw(13)<<"Genre"<<setw(20)<<"DiscountRate"<<setw(13)<<"SubTotal"
			<<setw(13)<<"SalesTax"<<setw(13)<<"GrandTotal";
	
		// displays the data which is currently inside the array's
		cout<<fixed<<setprecision(2);
		for(int* index = new int(0); *index < *numItems; ++*index)
		{
			cout << endl;
			cout <<setw(1)<<right<<artist[*index]<<setw(15)<<CDTitle[*index]
			<<setw(13)<<salesPrice[*index]<<setw(15)<<genre[*index]<<setw(13)
				<<discountPercent[*index]*100<<"%"<<setw(15)<<subTotal[*index]<<setw(16)
				<<salesTax[*index]<<setw(13)<<grandTotal[*index];
		}

		// finds the total prices for the entire list of CD's
		for(int* index = new int(0); *index < *numItems; ++*index)
		{
			*totSalePrice+= subTotal[*index];
			*totSalesTax+= salesTax[*index];
			*totgrandTotal+= grandTotal[*index];
		}

		// creates a line separator
		cout<<setfill('-');
		cout<<endl<<endl<<left<<setw(52)<<""<<right<<setw(52)<<""<<endl;

		// displays the total to the user
		cout<< "Total ("<<*numItems<<" transactions)ttttttt"
			<<*totSalePrice<<"tt"<<*totSalesTax<<"t"<<*totgrandTotal<<endl;
	}
}// End of DisplayData

// =============================================================================
// SortData
// sorts all the data which is currently present in the arrays via bubble sort
// this function does not display any data to the user
// =============================================================================
void SortData(char**artist, char**CDTitle, double*salesPrice, char**genre,double*discountPercent, double*subTotal, double*salesTax, 
			  double*grandTotal, int* numItems)
{
	// bool which will tell us if sorting is complete
	bool sorted = false;

	// temporary variables for sorting purposes only
	char* tempArtist = new char[20];
	char* tempCDTitle= new char[20];
	char* tempGenre= new char[20];
	double* tempListPrice= new double[20];
	double* tempDiscountPercent = new double[20];
	double* tempsubTotal = new double[20];
	double* tempTaxAmt = new double[20];
	double* tempgrandTotal = new double[20];
	
	// this is the bubble sort
	// which sorts the entries by artist in ascending order
	while (sorted==false)
	{
		sorted=true;
		for(int* index= new int(0); *index < *numItems-1; ++*index)
		{
			// checks the artist to see if they are in the correct order
			if (strcmp(artist[*index],artist[*index+1]) > 0)
			{
				// swaps artist places
				strcpy(tempArtist, artist[*index]);
				strcpy(artist[*index], artist[*index+1]);
				strcpy(artist[*index+1], tempArtist);

				// swaps CD title 
				strcpy(tempCDTitle, CDTitle[*index]);
				strcpy(CDTitle[*index], CDTitle[*index+1]);
				strcpy(CDTitle[*index+1], tempCDTitle);
				
				// swaps music genre
				strcpy(tempGenre, genre[*index]);
				strcpy(genre[*index], genre[*index+1]);
				strcpy(genre[*index+1], tempGenre);
				
				// swaps the CD price
				*tempgrandTotal = grandTotal[*index];
				grandTotal[*index] = grandTotal[*index+1];
				grandTotal[*index+1] = *tempgrandTotal;
				
				// swaps the tax amount
				*tempTaxAmt = salesTax[*index];
				salesTax[*index] = salesTax[*index+1];
				salesTax[*index+1] = *tempTaxAmt;
				
				// swaps the sales price
				*tempsubTotal = subTotal[*index];
				subTotal[*index] = subTotal[*index+1];
				subTotal[*index+1] = *tempsubTotal;
				
				// swaps the discount percent
				*tempDiscountPercent = discountPercent[*index];
				discountPercent[*index] = discountPercent[*index+1];
				discountPercent[*index+1] = *tempDiscountPercent;
				
				// swaps the list price
				*tempListPrice = salesPrice[*index];
				salesPrice[*index] = salesPrice[*index+1];
				salesPrice[*index+1] = *tempListPrice;

				// sets the 'sorted' variable to false
				sorted=false;
			}// end of if statement
		}// end for loop
	}// end while loop
}// End of SortData

// =============================================================================
// GetGrandTotal
// calculates the grand total for the current transaction
// =============================================================================
void GetGrandTotal(double* subTotal,double* salesTax,int* numItems,double* grandTotal)
{
	grandTotal[*numItems]= (subTotal[*numItems])+(salesTax[*numItems]);

}// End of GetgrandTotal

// =============================================================================
// GetTaxAmount
// calculates the sales tax for the current transaction
// =============================================================================
void GetTaxAmount(double* salesPrice, double* taxRate, int*numItems,double* salesTax)
{
	salesTax[*numItems] = (salesPrice[*numItems])* (taxRate[*numItems]);
}// End of GetTaxAmount

// =============================================================================
// GetSubTotal
// gets the subtotal for the current transaction
// =============================================================================
void GetSubTotal(double* salesPrice, double* discountRate, int* numItems,double* subTotal)
{
	subTotal[*numItems] = (salesPrice[*numItems]) - (discountRate[*numItems]);
}// End of GetsubTotal

// =============================================================================
// GetDiscountRate
// gets the discount rate for the currently selected CD
// =============================================================================
void GetDiscountRate(double* salesPrice,char** musicGenre, char** genre,int* numItems, double* &discountPercent, double* discountRate)
{
	// comapres the user inputted current genre to the pre-defined
	// genres as defined in the main function, then assigns a 
	// discount to the current CD
	if(strcmp(genre[*numItems],musicGenre[0]) == 0) // if music genre is Classical
	{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[0];}
	else if(strcmp(genre[*numItems],musicGenre[1]) == 0) // if music genre is Country
	{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[1];}
	else if(strcmp(genre[*numItems],musicGenre[2]) == 0) // if music genre is International
	{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[2];}
	else if(strcmp(genre[*numItems],musicGenre[3]) == 0) // if music genre is Jazz
	{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[3];}
	else if(strcmp(genre[*numItems],musicGenre[4]) == 0) // if music genre is Pop
	{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[4];}
	else if(strcmp(genre[*numItems],musicGenre[5]) == 0) // if music genre is Rock
	{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[5];}
	else if(strcmp(genre[*numItems],musicGenre[6]) == 0) // if music genre is Rap
	{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[6];}
	else{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[4];} // if music genre is not any of these ^, then there is no discount
	
	// assign the discount rate to the current CD
	discountRate[*numItems] = (discountPercent[*numItems]) * (salesPrice[*numItems]);
}// End of GetDiscountRate

// =============================================================================
// GetCDInfo
// obtains the CD information from the user
// =============================================================================
void GetCDInfo(char** &artist, char** &CDTitle, char** &genre, 
			 double* &salesPrice, double* &taxRate, int* numItems)
{
	cin.ignore();
	cout << "nEnter the name of the artist: ";
	cin.getline(artist[*numItems],50, 'n');
	cout << "nEnter the title of the CD: ";
	cin.getline(CDTitle[*numItems],50, 'n');
	cout << "nEnter the genre: ";
	cin.getline(genre[*numItems], 20);
	cout << "nEnter the sales price $";
	cin >> salesPrice[*numItems];
	cout << "nEnter the sales tax: ";
	cin >> taxRate[*numItems];
}// End of GetInfo

// =============================================================================
// GetDiscounts
// returns the discount rate for the selected genre
// =============================================================================
double* GetDiscounts()
{
	double* temp =  new double[7];
	temp[0] = .09; // discount rate for Classical
	temp[1] = .03; // discount rate for Country
	temp[2] = .11; // discount rate for International
	temp[3] = .18; // discount rate for Jazz
	temp[4] = .00; // discount rate for Pop
	temp[5] = .10; // discount rate for Rock
	temp[6] = .07; // discount rate for Rap
	return temp;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// =============================================================================
// This is an interactive program, which simulates a database for a music store 
// in which the user inputs data into the program (atrist, CD title, genre, 
// sales price, tax) and stores the data into a dynamic array. The program will 
// also apply any discounts that may currently be available to the selected CD 
// genre, and applies that   discount to the current CD. When the user choses 
// to quit, the program will  sort any data that is stored inside the array 
// (by artist) in ascending order and it will output the subtotal, tax applied, 
// and grand total for all of the CD information which is entered into the array
// =============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <string>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
 
// function prototypes
double* GetDiscounts();
void DisplayMenu();
void GetCDInfo(char** &artist, char** &CDTitle, char** &genre,double* &salesPrice, double* &taxRate, int* numItems);
void GetDiscountRate(double* salesPrice,char** musicGenre, char** genre,int* numItems, double* &discountPercent,double* discountRate);
void GetSubTotal(double* salesPrice, double* discountRate, int* numItems,double* subTotal);
void GetTaxAmount(double* salesPrice, double* taxRate, int*numItems,double* salesTax);
void GetGrandTotal(double* subTotal,double* salesTax,int* numItems,double* grandTotal);
void SortData(char**artist, char**CDTitle, double*salesPrice, char**genre,double*discountPercent, double*subTotal, double*salesTax,  double*grandTotal, int* numItems);
void DisplayData(char**artist, char**CDTitle, double*salesPrice, char**genre,double*discountPercent, double*subTotal, double*salesTax, double*grandTotal, int* numItems);
 
// constant discount values 
// these values are defines within the
// 'GetDiscounts' function
const double* discounts = GetDiscounts();
 
// =============================================================================
// main
// =============================================================================
int main()
{
	//-- Declare Variables START ---//
	// numItems for artist array
	int* numItems = new int(0);
 
	// 2-D Dynamic array for music genres
	char** musicGenre = new char*[7];
	for(int index=0; index < 7; ++index)
	{musicGenre[index] = new char[13];}
	musicGenre[0]= "Classical";
	musicGenre[1]= "Country";
	musicGenre[2]= "International";
	musicGenre[3]= "Jazz";
	musicGenre[4]= "Pop";
	musicGenre[5]= "Rock";
	musicGenre[6]= "Rap";
 
	// 2-D Dynamic Array for artist name
	char** artist = new char*[50];
	for(int index=0; index < 50; ++index)
	{artist[index] = new char[20];}
 
	// 2-D Dynamic array for CD titles
	char** CDTitle = new char*[50];
	for(int index=0; index < 50; ++index)
	{CDTitle[index] = new char[20];}
 
	// 2-D Dynamic array of music genre
	char** genre = new char*[50];
	for(int index=0; index < 50; ++index)
	{genre[index] = new char[20];}
 
	// array for list price
	double* salesPrice = new double[20];
 
	// array for tax rate
	double* taxRate = new double[20];
 
	// array for discount amount
	double* discountRate= new double[20];
 
	// array for sales price
	double* subTotal = new double[20];
 
	// array for taxamount
	double* salesTax= new double[20];
 
	// array for grandTotal
	double* grandTotal = new double[20];
 
	// array for discount percent
	double* discountPercent = new double[20];
 
	// variable for the while loop menu 
	char* userInput = new char('n');
 
	// variable if the user wants to enter more data
	char* enterMoreData = new char('y');
 
	//-- Declare Variables END ---//
 
	// display menu
	DisplayMenu();
	cin >> userInput;
 
	// loop thru menu options
	while((toupper(*userInput) !='Q'))
	{
		switch(toupper(*userInput))
		{
		case 'E':
			// get artist info
			GetCDInfo(artist, CDTitle, genre, salesPrice, taxRate, numItems);
			// get discount
			GetDiscountRate(salesPrice, musicGenre, genre, numItems,discountPercent, discountRate);
			// get sub total
			GetSubTotal(salesPrice, discountRate, numItems,subTotal);
			// get tax amount
			GetTaxAmount(salesPrice, taxRate, numItems,salesTax);
			// get cash price
			GetGrandTotal(subTotal, salesTax, numItems,grandTotal);
			// ask if they want to enter more data
			cout << "nDo you want to enter more CD's? (y/n): ";
			cin >> *enterMoreData;
			if(toupper(*enterMoreData)=='Y')
			{
				(++*numItems);
			}
			else
			{
				(++*numItems);
				*userInput='q';
			}
			break;
		case 'D':
			DisplayData(artist, CDTitle, salesPrice, genre, discountPercent,subTotal,salesTax, grandTotal, numItems);
			break;
		default:
			cout<<"nYou have selected an invalid command";
			break;
		}
		//creates a line separator
		cout<<endl;
		cout<<setfill('-');
		cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
 
		// if user wants to enter more data, display menu to screen
		if(toupper(*enterMoreData)=='Y')
		{
			DisplayMenu();
			cin >> userInput;
		}
	}// end of while loop
	// sort the current data inside the array
	SortData(artist, CDTitle, salesPrice, genre, discountPercent,subTotal,salesTax, grandTotal, numItems);
 
	// display the current data inside the array
	DisplayData(artist, CDTitle, salesPrice, genre, discountPercent,subTotal,salesTax, grandTotal, numItems);
 
	return 0;
}// End of Main
 
// =============================================================================
// DisplayMenu
// displays the menu to the user
// =============================================================================
void DisplayMenu()
{
	cout<<"Welcome to the CD Management System!";
	cout<<"nFrom the following menu, select an option";
	cout<<"nnE - Enter new CD information into the database";
	cout<<"nD - Display the current information in the database";
	cout<<"nQ - Quit";
	cout<<"nn>> ";
}// End of DisplayMenu
 
// =============================================================================
// DisplayData
// displays the current contents in the array. If there is nothing in the array
// the program promts a message to the user
// =============================================================================
void DisplayData(char**artist, char**CDTitle, double*salesPrice, char**genre,
			  double*discountPercent, double*subTotal, double*salesTax, 
			  double*grandTotal, int* numItems)
{
	double* totSalePrice = new double(0);
	double* totSalesTax = new double(0);
	double* totgrandTotal = new double(0);
 
	// variables which will get the current date
    time_t t = time(0);   // get current CPU time 
    struct tm * now = localtime(& t);
 
	// if array is empty, display message
	if(*numItems ==0)
	{
		cout<<"nThe database is currently empty!n";
	}
	else
	{
		// displays the company header to the user
		cout<<setfill(' ');
		cout << "nttttMy Programming Notes Record Company"
			<< "ntttt    Sales Report for "<<now->tm_mon + 1<<"/"<<now->tm_mday<<"/"<<now->tm_year + 1900<<"nn";
 
		// displays the categories which will be shown to the user
		cout <<setw(1)<<right<<"Artist"<<setw(13)<<"Title"<<setw(13)<<"SalesPrice"
			<<setw(13)<<"Genre"<<setw(20)<<"DiscountRate"<<setw(13)<<"SubTotal"
			<<setw(13)<<"SalesTax"<<setw(13)<<"GrandTotal";
	
		// displays the data which is currently inside the array's
		cout<<fixed<<setprecision(2);
		for(int* index = new int(0); *index < *numItems; ++*index)
		{
			cout << endl;
			cout <<setw(1)<<right<<artist[*index]<<setw(15)<<CDTitle[*index]
			<<setw(13)<<salesPrice[*index]<<setw(15)<<genre[*index]<<setw(13)
				<<discountPercent[*index]*100<<"%"<<setw(15)<<subTotal[*index]<<setw(16)
				<<salesTax[*index]<<setw(13)<<grandTotal[*index];
		}
 
		// finds the total prices for the entire list of CD's
		for(int* index = new int(0); *index < *numItems; ++*index)
		{
			*totSalePrice+= subTotal[*index];
			*totSalesTax+= salesTax[*index];
			*totgrandTotal+= grandTotal[*index];
		}
 
		// creates a line separator
		cout<<setfill('-');
		cout<<endl<<endl<<left<<setw(52)<<""<<right<<setw(52)<<""<<endl;
 
		// displays the total to the user
		cout<< "Total ("<<*numItems<<" transactions)ttttttt"
			<<*totSalePrice<<"tt"<<*totSalesTax<<"t"<<*totgrandTotal<<endl;
	}
}// End of DisplayData
 
// =============================================================================
// SortData
// sorts all the data which is currently present in the arrays via bubble sort
// this function does not display any data to the user
// =============================================================================
void SortData(char**artist, char**CDTitle, double*salesPrice, char**genre,double*discountPercent, double*subTotal, double*salesTax, 
			  double*grandTotal, int* numItems)
{
	// bool which will tell us if sorting is complete
	bool sorted = false;
 
	// temporary variables for sorting purposes only
	char* tempArtist = new char[20];
	char* tempCDTitle= new char[20];
	char* tempGenre= new char[20];
	double* tempListPrice= new double[20];
	double* tempDiscountPercent = new double[20];
	double* tempsubTotal = new double[20];
	double* tempTaxAmt = new double[20];
	double* tempgrandTotal = new double[20];
	
	// this is the bubble sort
	// which sorts the entries by artist in ascending order
	while (sorted==false)
	{
		sorted=true;
		for(int* index= new int(0); *index < *numItems-1; ++*index)
		{
			// checks the artist to see if they are in the correct order
			if (strcmp(artist[*index],artist[*index+1]) > 0)
			{
				// swaps artist places
				strcpy(tempArtist, artist[*index]);
				strcpy(artist[*index], artist[*index+1]);
				strcpy(artist[*index+1], tempArtist);
 
				// swaps CD title 
				strcpy(tempCDTitle, CDTitle[*index]);
				strcpy(CDTitle[*index], CDTitle[*index+1]);
				strcpy(CDTitle[*index+1], tempCDTitle);
				
				// swaps music genre
				strcpy(tempGenre, genre[*index]);
				strcpy(genre[*index], genre[*index+1]);
				strcpy(genre[*index+1], tempGenre);
				
				// swaps the CD price
				*tempgrandTotal = grandTotal[*index];
				grandTotal[*index] = grandTotal[*index+1];
				grandTotal[*index+1] = *tempgrandTotal;
				
				// swaps the tax amount
				*tempTaxAmt = salesTax[*index];
				salesTax[*index] = salesTax[*index+1];
				salesTax[*index+1] = *tempTaxAmt;
				
				// swaps the sales price
				*tempsubTotal = subTotal[*index];
				subTotal[*index] = subTotal[*index+1];
				subTotal[*index+1] = *tempsubTotal;
				
				// swaps the discount percent
				*tempDiscountPercent = discountPercent[*index];
				discountPercent[*index] = discountPercent[*index+1];
				discountPercent[*index+1] = *tempDiscountPercent;
				
				// swaps the list price
				*tempListPrice = salesPrice[*index];
				salesPrice[*index] = salesPrice[*index+1];
				salesPrice[*index+1] = *tempListPrice;
 
				// sets the 'sorted' variable to false
				sorted=false;
			}// end of if statement
		}// end for loop
	}// end while loop
}// End of SortData
 
// =============================================================================
// GetGrandTotal
// calculates the grand total for the current transaction
// =============================================================================
void GetGrandTotal(double* subTotal,double* salesTax,int* numItems,double* grandTotal)
{
	grandTotal[*numItems]= (subTotal[*numItems])+(salesTax[*numItems]);
 
}// End of GetgrandTotal
 
// =============================================================================
// GetTaxAmount
// calculates the sales tax for the current transaction
// =============================================================================
void GetTaxAmount(double* salesPrice, double* taxRate, int*numItems,double* salesTax)
{
	salesTax[*numItems] = (salesPrice[*numItems])* (taxRate[*numItems]);
}// End of GetTaxAmount
 
// =============================================================================
// GetSubTotal
// gets the subtotal for the current transaction
// =============================================================================
void GetSubTotal(double* salesPrice, double* discountRate, int* numItems,double* subTotal)
{
	subTotal[*numItems] = (salesPrice[*numItems]) - (discountRate[*numItems]);
}// End of GetsubTotal
 
// =============================================================================
// GetDiscountRate
// gets the discount rate for the currently selected CD
// =============================================================================
void GetDiscountRate(double* salesPrice,char** musicGenre, char** genre,int* numItems, double* &discountPercent, double* discountRate)
{
	// comapres the user inputted current genre to the pre-defined
	// genres as defined in the main function, then assigns a 
	// discount to the current CD
	if(strcmp(genre[*numItems],musicGenre[0]) == 0) // if music genre is Classical
	{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[0];}
	else if(strcmp(genre[*numItems],musicGenre[1]) == 0) // if music genre is Country
	{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[1];}
	else if(strcmp(genre[*numItems],musicGenre[2]) == 0) // if music genre is International
	{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[2];}
	else if(strcmp(genre[*numItems],musicGenre[3]) == 0) // if music genre is Jazz
	{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[3];}
	else if(strcmp(genre[*numItems],musicGenre[4]) == 0) // if music genre is Pop
	{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[4];}
	else if(strcmp(genre[*numItems],musicGenre[5]) == 0) // if music genre is Rock
	{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[5];}
	else if(strcmp(genre[*numItems],musicGenre[6]) == 0) // if music genre is Rap
	{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[6];}
	else{discountPercent[*numItems] = discounts[4];} // if music genre is not any of these ^, then there is no discount
	
	// assign the discount rate to the current CD
	discountRate[*numItems] = (discountPercent[*numItems]) * (salesPrice[*numItems]);
}// End of GetDiscountRate
 
// =============================================================================
// GetCDInfo
// obtains the CD information from the user
// =============================================================================
void GetCDInfo(char** &artist, char** &CDTitle, char** &genre, 
			 double* &salesPrice, double* &taxRate, int* numItems)
{
	cin.ignore();
	cout << "nEnter the name of the artist: ";
	cin.getline(artist[*numItems],50, 'n');
	cout << "nEnter the title of the CD: ";
	cin.getline(CDTitle[*numItems],50, 'n');
	cout << "nEnter the genre: ";
	cin.getline(genre[*numItems], 20);
	cout << "nEnter the sales price $";
	cin >> salesPrice[*numItems];
	cout << "nEnter the sales tax: ";
	cin >> taxRate[*numItems];
}// End of GetInfo
 
// =============================================================================
// GetDiscounts
// returns the discount rate for the selected genre
// =============================================================================
double* GetDiscounts()
{
	double* temp =  new double[7];
	temp[0] = .09; // discount rate for Classical
	temp[1] = .03; // discount rate for Country
	temp[2] = .11; // discount rate for International
	temp[3] = .18; // discount rate for Jazz
	temp[4] = .00; // discount rate for Pop
	temp[5] = .10; // discount rate for Rock
	temp[6] = .07; // discount rate for Rap
	return temp;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

Welcome to the CD Management System! From the following menu, select an option
E - Enter new CD information into the database D - Display the current information in the database Q - Quit >> e Enter the name of the artist: Nm8 Enter the title of the CD: CD8 Enter the genre: Rock Enter the sales price $12.99 Enter the sales tax: .098 Do you want to enter more CD's? (y/n): y ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the CD Management System! From the following menu, select an option E - Enter new CD information into the database D - Display the current information in the database Q - Quit >> e Enter the name of the artist: Nm7 Enter the title of the CD: CD7 Enter the genre: Country Enter the sales price $10.99 Enter the sales tax: .078 Do you want to enter more CD's? (y/n): y ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the CD Management System! From the following menu, select an option E - Enter new CD information into the database D - Display the current information in the database Q - Quit >> e Enter the name of the artist: Nm6 Enter the title of the CD: CD6 Enter the genre: Pop Enter the sales price $11.50 Enter the sales tax: .067 Do you want to enter more CD's? (y/n): y ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the CD Management System! From the following menu, select an option E - Enter new CD information into the database D - Display the current information in the database Q - Quit >> e Enter the name of the artist: Nm5 Enter the title of the CD: CD5 Enter the genre: Jazz Enter the sales price $12.24 Enter the sales tax: .045 Do you want to enter more CD's? (y/n): y ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the CD Management System! From the following menu, select an option E - Enter new CD information into the database D - Display the current information in the database Q - Quit >> e Enter the name of the artist: Nm4 Enter the title of the CD: CD4 Enter the genre: Other Enter the sales price $12.99 Enter the sales tax: .094 Do you want to enter more CD's? (y/n): y ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the CD Management System! From the following menu, select an option E - Enter new CD information into the database D - Display the current information in the database Q - Quit >> e Enter the name of the artist: Nm3 Enter the title of the CD: CD3 Enter the genre: Classical Enter the sales price $11.45 Enter the sales tax: .078 Do you want to enter more CD's? (y/n): y ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the CD Management System! From the following menu, select an option E - Enter new CD information into the database D - Display the current information in the database Q - Quit >> e Enter the name of the artist: Nm2 Enter the title of the CD: CD2 Enter the genre: International Enter the sales price $10.99 Enter the sales tax: .093 Do you want to enter more CD's? (y/n): y ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the CD Management System! From the following menu, select an option E - Enter new CD information into the database D - Display the current information in the database Q - Quit >> e
Enter the name of the artist: Nm1 Enter the title of the CD: CD1 Enter the genre: Rap Enter the sales price $12.99 Enter the sales tax: .0975 Do you want to enter more CD's? (y/n): n

                                My Programming Notes Record Company
                                    Sales Report for 2/9/2012

Artist        Title   SalesPrice        Genre        DiscountRate     SubTotal      SalesTax   GrandTotal
Nm1            CD1        12.99            Rap         7.00%          12.08            1.27        13.35
Nm2            CD2        10.99  International        11.00%           9.78            1.02        10.80
Nm3            CD3        11.45      Classical         9.00%          10.42            0.89        11.31
Nm4            CD4        12.99          Other         0.00%          12.99            1.22        14.21
Nm5            CD5        12.24           Jazz        18.00%          10.04            0.55        10.59
Nm6            CD6        11.50            Pop         0.00%          11.50            0.77        12.27
Nm7            CD7        10.99        Country         3.00%          10.66            0.86        11.52
Nm8            CD8        12.99           Rock        10.00%          11.69            1.27        12.96

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total (8 transactions)                                                  89.16           7.85    97.01

My Programming Notes Record Company

Sales Report for 2/9/2012

Artist Title SalesPrice Genre DiscountRate SubTotal SalesTax GrandTotal

Nm1 CD1 12.99 Rap 7.00% 12.08 1.27 13.35

Nm2 CD2 10.99 International 11.00% 9.78 1.02 10.80

Nm3 CD3 11.45 Classical 9.00% 10.42 0.89 11.31

Nm4 CD4 12.99 Other 0.00% 12.99 1.22 14.21

Nm5 CD5 12.24 Jazz 18.00% 10.04 0.55 10.59

Nm6 CD6 11.50 Pop 0.00% 11.50 0.77 12.27

Nm7 CD7 10.99 Country 3.00% 10.66 0.86 11.52

Nm8 CD8 12.99 Rock 10.00% 11.69 1.27 12.96

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total (8 transactions) 89.16 7.85 97.01

C++ || Snippet – How To Input Numbers Into An Integer Array & Display Its Contents Back To User

February 08, 2012 admin No comments

This snippet demonstrates how to place numbers into an integer array. It also shows how to display the contents of the array back to the user via cout.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS SNIPPET

Integer Arrays For Loops Constants

NOTE: On some compilers, you may have to add #include < cstdlib> in order for the code to compile.





		
		
			Insert & Display Items In An Array
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// const int allocating space for the array
const int ARRAY_SIZE = 100;

int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int numElems = 0;
     int myArray[ARRAY_SIZE]; // declare array which has the ability to hold 100 elements

     // ask user how many items they want to place in array
     cout << "How many items do you want to place into the array?: ";
     cin >> numElems;

     // user enters data into array using a for loop
     // you can also use a while loop, but for loops are more common
     // when dealing with arrays
     for(int index=0; index < numElems; ++index)
     {
          cout << "nEnter item #" << index +1<< " : ";
          cin >> myArray[index];
     } 

     // display data to user
     cout << "nThe current items inside the array are: ";

     // display contents inside array using a for loop
     for(int index=0; index < numElems; ++index)
     {
          cout << "nItem #" << index +1<< " : ";
          cout << myArray[index];
     }
     cout<<endl;

     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
// const int allocating space for the array
const int ARRAY_SIZE = 100;
 
int main()
{
     // declare variables
     int numElems = 0;
     int myArray[ARRAY_SIZE]; // declare array which has the ability to hold 100 elements
 
     // ask user how many items they want to place in array
     cout << "How many items do you want to place into the array?: ";
     cin >> numElems;
 
     // user enters data into array using a for loop
     // you can also use a while loop, but for loops are more common
     // when dealing with arrays
     for(int index=0; index < numElems; ++index)
     {
          cout << "nEnter item #" << index +1<< " : ";
          cin >> myArray[index];
     } 
 
     // display data to user
     cout << "nThe current items inside the array are: ";
 
     // display contents inside array using a for loop
     for(int index=0; index < numElems; ++index)
     {
          cout << "nItem #" << index +1<< " : ";
          cout << myArray[index];
     }
     cout<<endl;
 
     return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

How many items do you want to place into the array?: 5 Enter item #1 : 45
Enter item #2 : 7 Enter item #3 : 34 Enter item #4 : 8
Enter item #5 : 2 The current items inside the array are: Item #1 : 45 Item #2 : 7 Item #3 : 34 Item #4 : 8 Item #5 : 2

C++ || Snippet – Sort An Integer Array Using Bubble Sort – Print Each Pass & Total Number Of Swaps

February 07, 2012 admin No comments

This is a program which has no functionality, but displays the sorting of an integer array through the use of the bubble sort algorithm.

This program sorts the values of a one-dimensional array in ascending order using bubble sort. It also prints the total number of passes thru each iteration

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS SNIPPET

Integer Arrays Bubble Sort Setw





		
		
			Bubble Sort - Int Array
			
C++
			
			// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 7, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  bubbleSort.cpp
//    Description: This program sorts the values of a one-dimensional array
//      in ascending order using the Bubble Sort Algorithm. It also prints
//      the total number of passes thru each iteration
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

// const int
const int NUM_INTS = 12;

// function prototype
void BubbleSort(int arry[], int &totalSwaps, int &totalPasses);

int main()
{
    // Declarations
    int arry[NUM_INTS] = {0, 1, 3, 95, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 4, 17, 35};
    int totalSwaps = 0;
    int totalPasses = 0;

    cout << "Original array values" << endl;

    // Output the original array values
    for (int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; ++i)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
    }

    // creates a line separator
    cout << "\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n\n";

    BubbleSort(arry,totalSwaps,totalPasses);

    // creates a line separator
    cout << "---------------------------------------------------------------\n";
    cout << "The current sorted array" << endl;

    // Output the current sorted
    for (int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; ++i)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
    }

    // creates a line separator
    cout << "\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n";

    // Display some statistics to the user
    cout << "Total Swaps: " << totalSwaps << endl;
    cout << "Total Passes: " << totalPasses << "\n\n";

    return 0;
}// end of main

void BubbleSort(int arry[], int &totalSwaps, int &totalPasses)
{
    int currentSwaps = 0;

    // Loop to determine amount of passes
    for (int iteration = 1; iteration < NUM_INTS; ++iteration)
    {
        // Reset variable swaps to zero
        currentSwaps = 0;

        // Bubble Sort Algorithm
        // Sort numbers in ascending order
        for (int p = 0; p < NUM_INTS - iteration; ++p)
        {
            // if the previous value is bigger than the next
            // then swap places
            if (arry[p]> arry[p+1])
            {
                int temp = arry[p];
                arry[p] = arry[p+1];
                arry[p+1]= temp;
                ++currentSwaps;
            }
        }

        // If no swaps were made in the last pass,
        // no need to continue the loop. Sorting complete.
        if (currentSwaps == 0)
        {
            break;
        }

        cout << "Array after bubble sort pass #" << iteration << endl;

        // Display values after each pass
        for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
        {
            cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
        }

        cout << "\n\n";

        // Keeps track of the amount of swaps and passes
        totalSwaps += currentSwaps;
        ++totalPasses;
    }// end of for loop
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// ============================================================================
//    Author: Kenneth Perkins
//    Date:   Feb 7, 2012
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  bubbleSort.cpp
//    Description: This program sorts the values of a one-dimensional array
//      in ascending order using the Bubble Sort Algorithm. It also prints
//      the total number of passes thru each iteration
// ============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
 
// const int
const int NUM_INTS = 12;
 
// function prototype
void BubbleSort(int arry[], int &totalSwaps, int &totalPasses);
 
int main()
{
    // Declarations
    int arry[NUM_INTS] = {0, 1, 3, 95, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 4, 17, 35};
    int totalSwaps = 0;
    int totalPasses = 0;
 
    cout << "Original array values" << endl;
 
    // Output the original array values
    for (int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; ++i)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
    }
 
    // creates a line separator
    cout << "\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n\n";
 
    BubbleSort(arry,totalSwaps,totalPasses);
 
    // creates a line separator
    cout << "---------------------------------------------------------------\n";
    cout << "The current sorted array" << endl;
 
    // Output the current sorted
    for (int i = 0; i < NUM_INTS; ++i)
    {
        cout << setw(4) << arry[i];
    }
 
    // creates a line separator
    cout << "\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n";
 
    // Display some statistics to the user
    cout << "Total Swaps: " << totalSwaps << endl;
    cout << "Total Passes: " << totalPasses << "\n\n";
 
    return 0;
}// end of main
 
void BubbleSort(int arry[], int &totalSwaps, int &totalPasses)
{
    int currentSwaps = 0;
 
    // Loop to determine amount of passes
    for (int iteration = 1; iteration < NUM_INTS; ++iteration)
    {
        // Reset variable swaps to zero
        currentSwaps = 0;
 
        // Bubble Sort Algorithm
        // Sort numbers in ascending order
        for (int p = 0; p < NUM_INTS - iteration; ++p)
        {
            // if the previous value is bigger than the next
            // then swap places
            if (arry[p]> arry[p+1])
            {
                int temp = arry[p];
                arry[p] = arry[p+1];
                arry[p+1]= temp;
                ++currentSwaps;
            }
        }
 
        // If no swaps were made in the last pass,
        // no need to continue the loop. Sorting complete.
        if (currentSwaps == 0)
        {
            break;
        }
 
        cout << "Array after bubble sort pass #" << iteration << endl;
 
        // Display values after each pass
        for (int x = 0; x < NUM_INTS; ++x)
        {
            cout << setw(4) << arry[x];
        }
 
        cout << "\n\n";
 
        // Keeps track of the amount of swaps and passes
        totalSwaps += currentSwaps;
        ++totalPasses;
    }// end of for loop
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

Original array values 0 1 3 95 2 4 6 10 15 4 17 35 --------------------------------------------------------------- Array after bubble sort pass #1 0 1 3 2 4 6 10 15 4 17 35 95
Array after bubble sort pass #2 0 1 2 3 4 6 10 4 15 17 35 95 Array after bubble sort pass #3 0 1 2 3 4 6 4 10 15 17 35 95
Array after bubble sort pass #4 0 1 2 3 4 4 6 10 15 17 35 95 --------------------------------------------------------------- The current sorted array 0 1 2 3 4 4 6 10 15 17 35 95 --------------------------------------------------------------- Total Swaps: 12 Total Passes: 4

C++ || Modulus – Celsius To Fahrenheit Conversion Displaying Degrees Divisible By 10 Using Modulus

February 02, 2012 admin No comments

This page will consist of two simple programs which demonstrate the use of the modulus operator (%).

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Modulus Do/While Loop Functions Simple Math - Divisibility Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion

===== FINDING THE DIVISIBILITY OF A NUMBER =====

Take a simple arithmetic problem: what’s left over when you divide an odd number by an even number? The answer may not be easy to compute, but we know that it will most likely result in an answer which has a decimal remainder. How would we determine the divisibility of a number in a programming language like C++? That’s where the modulus operator comes in handy.

To have divisibility means that when you divide the first number by another number, the quotient (answer) is a whole number (i.e – no decimal values). Unlike the division operator, the modulus operator (‘%’), has the ability to give us the remainder of a given mathematical operation that results from performing integer division.

To illustrate this, here is a simple program which prompts the user to enter a number. Once the user enters a number, they are asked to enter in a divisor for the previous number. Using modulus, the program will determine if the second number is divisible by the first number. If the modulus result returns 0, the two numbers are divisible. If the modulus result does not return 0, the two numbers are not divisible. The program will keep re-prompting the user to enter in a correct choice until a correct result is obtained.





		
		
			Is It Divisible?
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int base=0;
	int userInput=0;
	double multiple =0;

	// get first number
	cout <<"Please enter a value: ";
	cin >> base;

	// get second number
	cout << "nPlease enter a factor of "<<base<<": ";
	cin >> userInput;

	do{ // loop will keep going until the user enters a correct answer

		// this is the modulus declaration, which will find the 
		// remainder between the 2 numbers
		multiple = base % userInput;

		// if the modulus result returns 0, the 2 numbers
		// are divisible
		if (multiple == 0)
		{
			cout <<"nCorrect! " << base << " is divisible by " << userInput <<endl;
			cout <<"n("<< base << "/" << userInput <<") = "<<(base/userInput)<<endl;
		}

		// if the user entered an incorrect choice, promt an error message
		else
		{
			cout << "nIncorrect, " << base <<" is not divisible by "
				<< userInput <<".nPlease enter a new multiple integer for that value: ";
			cin >> userInput;
		}
	}while(multiple != 0);

	// ^ loop stops once user enters correct choice

	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int base=0;
	int userInput=0;
	double multiple =0;
 
	// get first number
	cout <<"Please enter a value: ";
	cin >> base;
 
	// get second number
	cout << "nPlease enter a factor of "<<base<<": ";
	cin >> userInput;
 
	do{ // loop will keep going until the user enters a correct answer
 
		// this is the modulus declaration, which will find the 
		// remainder between the 2 numbers
		multiple = base % userInput;
 
		// if the modulus result returns 0, the 2 numbers
		// are divisible
		if (multiple == 0)
		{
			cout <<"nCorrect! " << base << " is divisible by " << userInput <<endl;
			cout <<"n("<< base << "/" << userInput <<") = "<<(base/userInput)<<endl;
		}
 
		// if the user entered an incorrect choice, promt an error message
		else
		{
			cout << "nIncorrect, " << base <<" is not divisible by "
				<< userInput <<".nPlease enter a new multiple integer for that value: ";
			cin >> userInput;
		}
	}while(multiple != 0);
 
	// ^ loop stops once user enters correct choice
 
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

The above program determines if number ‘A’ is divisible be number ‘B’ via modulus. Unlike the division operator, which does not return the remainder of a number, the modulus operator does, thus we are able to find divisibility between two numbers.

To demonstrate the above code, here is a sample run:

Please enter a value: 21 Please enter a factor of 21: 5
Incorrect, 21 is not divisible by 5. Please enter a new multiple integer for that value: 7
Correct! 21 is divisible by 7 (21/7) = 3

===== CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT CONVERSION =====

Now that we understand how modulus works, the second program shouldn’t be too difficult. This function first prompts the user to enter in an initial (low) value. After the program obtains the low value from the user, the program will ask for another (high) value. After it obtains the needed information, it displays all the degrees, from the range of the low number to the high number, which are divisible by 10. So if the user enters a low value of 3 and a high value of 303, the program will display all of the Celsius to Fahrenheit degrees within that range which are divisible by 10.





		
		
			Celsius To Fahrenheit Conversion
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// function prototype
double ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(int degree);

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int low=0;
	int high=0;
	double degreeFahrenhiet =0;
	double multiple =0;

	// get data from user
	cout << "Enter a low number: ";
	cin >> low;

	cout << "nEnter a high number: ";
	cin >> high;
	
	// displays data back to user in table form
	cout <<"nCelsius Fahrenheit:n";
	cout << low << "t" << ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(low)<<endl;
	++low;

	// this loop displays all the degrees that are divisible by 10
	do{ 
		// this converts the current number from celsius to fahrenhiet
		degreeFahrenhiet = ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(low);

		// this is the modulus operation which finds the 
		// numbers which are divisible by 10
		multiple = low % 10;		

		// the program will only display the degrees to the user via
		// cout which are divisible by 10
		if(multiple ==0)
		{
			cout << low << "t" << degreeFahrenhiet<<endl;
		}
		
		// this increments the current degree number by 1
		++low;
	}while(low < high);
	// ^ loop stops once the 'low' variable reaches the 'high' variable

	// displays the 'high' converted degrees to the user
	cout << high << "t" << ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(high)<<endl;

	return 0;
}// end of main

// function declaration which returns the converted celsius to fahrenhiet value
double ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(int degree)
{
	return ((1.8 * degree) + 32.0);
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
// function prototype
double ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(int degree);
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	int low=0;
	int high=0;
	double degreeFahrenhiet =0;
	double multiple =0;
 
	// get data from user
	cout << "Enter a low number: ";
	cin >> low;
 
	cout << "nEnter a high number: ";
	cin >> high;
	
	// displays data back to user in table form
	cout <<"nCelsius Fahrenheit:n";
	cout << low << "t" << ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(low)<<endl;
	++low;
 
	// this loop displays all the degrees that are divisible by 10
	do{ 
		// this converts the current number from celsius to fahrenhiet
		degreeFahrenhiet = ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(low);
 
		// this is the modulus operation which finds the 
		// numbers which are divisible by 10
		multiple = low % 10;		
 
		// the program will only display the degrees to the user via
		// cout which are divisible by 10
		if(multiple ==0)
		{
			cout << low << "t" << degreeFahrenhiet<<endl;
		}
		
		// this increments the current degree number by 1
		++low;
	}while(low < high);
	// ^ loop stops once the 'low' variable reaches the 'high' variable
 
	// displays the 'high' converted degrees to the user
	cout << high << "t" << ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(high)<<endl;
 
	return 0;
}// end of main
 
// function declaration which returns the converted celsius to fahrenhiet value
double ConvertCelsiusToFahrenheit(int degree)
{
	return ((1.8 * degree) + 32.0);
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output

Enter a low number: 3 Enter a high number: 303
Celsius Fahrenheit: 3..........37.4 10.........50 20.........68 30.........86 40........104 50........122 60........140 70........158 80........176 90........194 100.......212 110.......230 120.......248 130.......266 140.......284 150.......302 160.......320 170.......338 180.......356 190.......374 200.......392 210.......410 220.......428 230.......446 240.......464 250.......482 260.......500 270.......518 280.......536 290.......554 300.......572 303.......577.4

C++ || Input/Output – Using An Array, Sort Names From a Text File & Save The Sorted Names To A New Text File

February 01, 2012 admin No comments

Since we previously discussed how to sort numbers which is contained in an integer array, it is only fitting that we display a program which sorts characters that are stored in a character array.

This is an interactive program which first displays a menu to the user, allowing them to choose from 6 different modes of operation. The 6 options are described as followed:

R - Read in names from a file for sorting E - Enter in names manually for sorting D - Display the current names in the array S - Sort the current names in the array C - Clear the current names in the array Q - Quit

From the available choices, the user has the option of reading in names from a file, manually entering in names themselves, displaying the current names in the array, sorting the current names in the array, clearing the current names in the array, and finally quitting the program. When the user chooses to quit the program, whatever data which is currently stored within the array will automatically be saved to the output text file.

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE FOR THIS PROGRAM

Fstream Ifstream Ofstream Character Arrays 2D Arrays Working With Files Pass By Reference While Loops For Loops Bubble Sort Functions Switch Statements Boolean Expressions Toupper Strcpy Strcmp

The data file that is used in this example can be downloaded here.

Note: In order to read in the data .txt file, you need to save the .txt file in the same directory (or folder) as your .cpp file is saved in. If you are using Visual C++, this directory will be located in

Documents > Visual Studio 2010 > Projects > [Your project name] > [Your project name]

NOTE: On some compilers, you may have to add #include < cstdlib> and #include < cstring> in order for the code to compile.





		
		
			Sorting Names Contained In A Char Array
			
C++
			
			#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

// const variable indicating how many names the array can hold
const int TOTALNAMES = 100;

// function prototypes
void DisplayMenu();
int ReadInData(char names[][50], ifstream &infile);
void GetUserData(char names[][50], int numberOfNames);
void ClearArray(char names[][50], int numberOfNames);
void SortArray(char names[][50], int numNames);
void DisplayArray(char names[][50], int numNames);
void SaveArrayToFile(char names[][50], int numberOfNames, ofstream &outfile);

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	ifstream infile;
	ofstream outfile;
     char names[TOTALNAMES][50];
	char userResponse = 'Q';
     int numberOfNames = 0;

	// display menu to user
	DisplayMenu();
	cin >> userResponse;

	// keep looping thru the menu until the user
	// selects Q (Quit)
	while(toupper(userResponse)!='Q')
	{
		// switch statement indicating the available choices
		// the user has to make
		switch(toupper(userResponse))
		{
		case 'R': 
			numberOfNames = ReadInData(names, infile);
			break;
		case 'E': 
			cout << "nPlease enter the number of names you want to sort: ";
			cin >> numberOfNames;
			GetUserData(names,numberOfNames);
			break;
		case 'D': 
			DisplayArray(names, numberOfNames);
			break;
		case 'C': 
			ClearArray(names,numberOfNames);
			numberOfNames=0;
			break;
		case 'S': 
			SortArray(names, numberOfNames);
			break;
		case 'Q':
			break;
		default: cout << "nThe selected option is not apart of the list!nPlease try again..";
			break;
		}
		// creates a line seperator after each task is executed
		cout<<endl;
		cout.fill('-');
          cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 

		// re-display's the menu to the user
		DisplayMenu();
		cin >> userResponse;
	}

	// after the user is finished manipulating the 
	// data, save the names to the output file
	SaveArrayToFile(names, numberOfNames, outfile);

    return 0;
}// end of main

// ============================================================================

// displays options to user
void DisplayMenu()
{
	cout<<"   Welcome to the name sorting program...";
	cout<<"nFrom the following menu, select an option";
	cout<<"nR - Read in names from a file for sorting";
	cout<<"nE - Enter in names manually for sorting";
	cout<<"nD - Display the current names in the array";
	cout<<"nS - Sort the current names in the array";
	cout<<"nC - Clear the current names in the array";
	cout<<"nQ - Quitn";
     cout<<"n>> ";
}// end of DisplayMenu

// ============================================================================

// reads in data from a file
int ReadInData(char names[][50], ifstream &infile)
{
	int numberOfNames=0;
	
	// open input file
	infile.open("INPUT_UNSORTED_NAMES_programmingnotes_freeweq_com.txt");

	if(infile.fail())
	{
		cout<<"Input file could not be found!n"
			<<"Please place the input file in the correct directory..";
		return 0;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "nReading in data from the file...";
		while(infile.good())
		{
			infile >> names[numberOfNames];
			++numberOfNames;
		}
		cout << "nSuccess!";
	}
	infile.close(); // close the infile once we are done using it
	return numberOfNames;
}// end of ReadInData

// ============================================================================

// gets data from user (names) for direct input
void GetUserData(char names[][50], int numberOfNames)
{
    cout << "nPlease enter "<<numberOfNames<<" names" << endl;

	for(int index=0; index < numberOfNames; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"nName #"<<index+1<<": ";
		cin >> names[index];
    }
}// end of GetUserData

// ============================================================================

// clears the data contained in the array
void ClearArray(char names[][50], int numNames)
{
	if(numNames==0)
	{
		cout<<"nThe array is currently empty!n";
	}
	else
	{
		cout<<"nDeleting the data contained in the array...";
		for(int index=0; index < numNames; ++index)
		{
			strcpy(names[index],"");
		}
		cout << "nClearing Complete!";
	}
}// end of ClearArray

// ============================================================================

// sorts the array via 'bubble sort'
void SortArray(char names[][50],int numNames)
{
	bool sorted = false;
	char temp[50];
	
	if(numNames==0)
	{
		cout<<"nThe array is currently empty!n";
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "nSorting the names contained in the array...";
		// this is the 'bubble sort' and will execute only
		// if there is more than 1 name contained within the array
		// If there is only one name contained in the array, 
		// there is no need to sort anything
		while((sorted == false) && (numNames > 1))
		{
			sorted = true;
			for (int index=0; index < numNames-1; ++index)
			{
				if (strcmp(names[index], names[index+1]) > 0)
				{
					strcpy(temp,names[index]);
					strcpy(names[index], names[index+1]);
					strcpy(names[index+1], temp);
					sorted = false;
				}
			}
		}
		cout << "nSuccess!";
	}
}// end of SortArray

// ============================================================================

// saves the current data which is in the arrya to the output file
void SaveArrayToFile(char names[][50], int numberOfNames, ofstream &outfile)
{
	// open output file
	outfile.open("OUTPUT_SORTED_NAMES_programmingnotes_freeweq_com.txt");

	if(outfile.fail())
	{
		cout<<"Error creating output file!";
		return;
	}
	else
	{
		if(numberOfNames==0)
		{
			cout<<"nThe array contained no names.nThere was no data to save to the output file...n";
			outfile<<"The array contained no names.nThere was no data to save to the output file...n";
		}
		else
		{
			cout<<"nSaving the current contents of the array to the ouptut file..";
			outfile<<"Sorted items which were contained within the array..n";
			for(int index=0; index < numberOfNames; ++index)
			{
				outfile <<"Name #"<<index+1<<": "
					<< names[index]<<endl;
			}
			cout << "nSuccess!n";
		}
	}
	outfile.close();
}// end of SaveArrayToFile

// ============================================================================

// displays the current contents of the array to the user
// via cout
void DisplayArray(char names[][50], int numNames)
{
	if(numNames==0)
	{
		cout<<"nThe array is currently empty!n";
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "nThe values in the array are:n";
		for (int index=0; index < numNames; ++index)
		{
			cout << names[index] << endl;
		}
		cout<<"nThere is currently "<<numNames<<" names in the array!n";
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
 
// const variable indicating how many names the array can hold
const int TOTALNAMES = 100;
 
// function prototypes
void DisplayMenu();
int ReadInData(char names[][50], ifstream &infile);
void GetUserData(char names[][50], int numberOfNames);
void ClearArray(char names[][50], int numberOfNames);
void SortArray(char names[][50], int numNames);
void DisplayArray(char names[][50], int numNames);
void SaveArrayToFile(char names[][50], int numberOfNames, ofstream &outfile);
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	ifstream infile;
	ofstream outfile;
     char names[TOTALNAMES][50];
	char userResponse = 'Q';
     int numberOfNames = 0;
 
	// display menu to user
	DisplayMenu();
	cin >> userResponse;
 
	// keep looping thru the menu until the user
	// selects Q (Quit)
	while(toupper(userResponse)!='Q')
	{
		// switch statement indicating the available choices
		// the user has to make
		switch(toupper(userResponse))
		{
		case 'R': 
			numberOfNames = ReadInData(names, infile);
			break;
		case 'E': 
			cout << "nPlease enter the number of names you want to sort: ";
			cin >> numberOfNames;
			GetUserData(names,numberOfNames);
			break;
		case 'D': 
			DisplayArray(names, numberOfNames);
			break;
		case 'C': 
			ClearArray(names,numberOfNames);
			numberOfNames=0;
			break;
		case 'S': 
			SortArray(names, numberOfNames);
			break;
		case 'Q':
			break;
		default: cout << "nThe selected option is not apart of the list!nPlease try again..";
			break;
		}
		// creates a line seperator after each task is executed
		cout<<endl;
		cout.fill('-');
          cout<<left<<setw(30)<<""<<right<<setw(30)<<""<<endl; 
 
		// re-display's the menu to the user
		DisplayMenu();
		cin >> userResponse;
	}
 
	// after the user is finished manipulating the 
	// data, save the names to the output file
	SaveArrayToFile(names, numberOfNames, outfile);
 
    return 0;
}// end of main
 
// ============================================================================
 
// displays options to user
void DisplayMenu()
{
	cout<<"   Welcome to the name sorting program...";
	cout<<"nFrom the following menu, select an option";
	cout<<"nR - Read in names from a file for sorting";
	cout<<"nE - Enter in names manually for sorting";
	cout<<"nD - Display the current names in the array";
	cout<<"nS - Sort the current names in the array";
	cout<<"nC - Clear the current names in the array";
	cout<<"nQ - Quitn";
     cout<<"n>> ";
}// end of DisplayMenu
 
// ============================================================================
 
// reads in data from a file
int ReadInData(char names[][50], ifstream &infile)
{
	int numberOfNames=0;
	
	// open input file
	infile.open("INPUT_UNSORTED_NAMES_programmingnotes_freeweq_com.txt");
 
	if(infile.fail())
	{
		cout<<"Input file could not be found!n"
			<<"Please place the input file in the correct directory..";
		return 0;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "nReading in data from the file...";
		while(infile.good())
		{
			infile >> names[numberOfNames];
			++numberOfNames;
		}
		cout << "nSuccess!";
	}
	infile.close(); // close the infile once we are done using it
	return numberOfNames;
}// end of ReadInData
 
// ============================================================================
 
// gets data from user (names) for direct input
void GetUserData(char names[][50], int numberOfNames)
{
    cout << "nPlease enter "<<numberOfNames<<" names" << endl;
 
	for(int index=0; index < numberOfNames; ++index)
	{
		cout<<"nName #"<<index+1<<": ";
		cin >> names[index];
    }
}// end of GetUserData
 
// ============================================================================
 
// clears the data contained in the array
void ClearArray(char names[][50], int numNames)
{
	if(numNames==0)
	{
		cout<<"nThe array is currently empty!n";
	}
	else
	{
		cout<<"nDeleting the data contained in the array...";
		for(int index=0; index < numNames; ++index)
		{
			strcpy(names[index],"");
		}
		cout << "nClearing Complete!";
	}
}// end of ClearArray
 
// ============================================================================
 
// sorts the array via 'bubble sort'
void SortArray(char names[][50],int numNames)
{
	bool sorted = false;
	char temp[50];
	
	if(numNames==0)
	{
		cout<<"nThe array is currently empty!n";
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "nSorting the names contained in the array...";
		// this is the 'bubble sort' and will execute only
		// if there is more than 1 name contained within the array
		// If there is only one name contained in the array, 
		// there is no need to sort anything
		while((sorted == false) && (numNames > 1))
		{
			sorted = true;
			for (int index=0; index < numNames-1; ++index)
			{
				if (strcmp(names[index], names[index+1]) > 0)
				{
					strcpy(temp,names[index]);
					strcpy(names[index], names[index+1]);
					strcpy(names[index+1], temp);
					sorted = false;
				}
			}
		}
		cout << "nSuccess!";
	}
}// end of SortArray
 
// ============================================================================
 
// saves the current data which is in the arrya to the output file
void SaveArrayToFile(char names[][50], int numberOfNames, ofstream &outfile)
{
	// open output file
	outfile.open("OUTPUT_SORTED_NAMES_programmingnotes_freeweq_com.txt");
 
	if(outfile.fail())
	{
		cout<<"Error creating output file!";
		return;
	}
	else
	{
		if(numberOfNames==0)
		{
			cout<<"nThe array contained no names.nThere was no data to save to the output file...n";
			outfile<<"The array contained no names.nThere was no data to save to the output file...n";
		}
		else
		{
			cout<<"nSaving the current contents of the array to the ouptut file..";
			outfile<<"Sorted items which were contained within the array..n";
			for(int index=0; index < numberOfNames; ++index)
			{
				outfile <<"Name #"<<index+1<<": "
					<< names[index]<<endl;
			}
			cout << "nSuccess!n";
		}
	}
	outfile.close();
}// end of SaveArrayToFile
 
// ============================================================================
 
// displays the current contents of the array to the user
// via cout
void DisplayArray(char names[][50], int numNames)
{
	if(numNames==0)
	{
		cout<<"nThe array is currently empty!n";
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "nThe values in the array are:n";
		for (int index=0; index < numNames; ++index)
		{
			cout << names[index] << endl;
		}
		cout<<"nThere is currently "<<numNames<<" names in the array!n";
	}
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Once compiled, you should get this as your output
(Remember to include the input file)

Welcome to the name sorting program... From the following menu, select an option R - Read in names from a file for sorting E - Enter in names manually for sorting D - Display the current names in the array S - Sort the current names in the array C - Clear the current names in the array Q - Quit
>> d The array is currently empty! ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the name sorting program... From the following menu, select an option R - Read in names from a file for sorting E - Enter in names manually for sorting D - Display the current names in the array S - Sort the current names in the array C - Clear the current names in the array Q - Quit >> q The array contained no names. There was no data to save to the output file... ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the name sorting program... From the following menu, select an option R - Read in names from a file for sorting E - Enter in names manually for sorting D - Display the current names in the array S - Sort the current names in the array C - Clear the current names in the array Q - Quit >> e Please enter the number of names you want to sort: 3 Please enter 3 names Name #1: My Name #2: Programming Name #3: Notes ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the name sorting program... From the following menu, select an option R - Read in names from a file for sorting E - Enter in names manually for sorting D - Display the current names in the array S - Sort the current names in the array C - Clear the current names in the array Q - Quit >> d The values in the array are: My Programming Notes There is currently 3 names in the array! ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the name sorting program... From the following menu, select an option R - Read in names from a file for sorting E - Enter in names manually for sorting D - Display the current names in the array S - Sort the current names in the array C - Clear the current names in the array Q - Quit >> s Sorting the names contained in the array... Success! ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the name sorting program... From the following menu, select an option R - Read in names from a file for sorting E - Enter in names manually for sorting D - Display the current names in the array S - Sort the current names in the array C - Clear the current names in the array Q - Quit >> d The values in the array are: My Notes Programming There is currently 3 names in the array! ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the name sorting program... From the following menu, select an option R - Read in names from a file for sorting E - Enter in names manually for sorting D - Display the current names in the array S - Sort the current names in the array C - Clear the current names in the array Q - Quit >> c Deleting the data contained in the array... Clearing Complete! ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the name sorting program... From the following menu, select an option R - Read in names from a file for sorting E - Enter in names manually for sorting D - Display the current names in the array S - Sort the current names in the array C - Clear the current names in the array Q - Quit >> r Reading in data from the file... Success! ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the name sorting program... From the following menu, select an option R - Read in names from a file for sorting E - Enter in names manually for sorting D - Display the current names in the array S - Sort the current names in the array C - Clear the current names in the array Q - Quit >> d The values in the array are: My Programming Notes C++ Java Assembly Lemon Dark Light Black High Low Cellphone Cat Dog Penguin Japan Peace Love Color White One Brain Eggplant Phalanx Countenance Crayons Ben Dover Eileen Bob Downe Justin Elizebeth Rick Rolled Sam Widge Liza Destruction Grove Aardvark Primal Sushi Victoria Ostrich Zebra Scrumptious Carbohydrate Sulk Ecstatic Acrobat Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis English Kenneth Jessica Pills Pencil Dragon Mint Chocolate Temperature Cheese Rondo Silicon Scabbiest Palpitate Invariable Henpecked Titmouse Canoodle Boobies Pressure Density Cards Twiat Tony Pink Green Yellow Duck Dodge Movie Zoo Xiomara Eggs Marshmallows Umbrella Apple Panda Brush Handle Door Knob Mask Knife Speaker Wood Orient Love There is currently 100 names in the array! ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the name sorting program... From the following menu, select an option R - Read in names from a file for sorting E - Enter in names manually for sorting D - Display the current names in the array S - Sort the current names in the array C - Clear the current names in the array Q - Quit >> s Sorting the names contained in the array... Success! ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the name sorting program... From the following menu, select an option R - Read in names from a file for sorting E - Enter in names manually for sorting D - Display the current names in the array S - Sort the current names in the array C - Clear the current names in the array Q - Quit >> d The values in the array are: Aardvark Acrobat Apple Assembly Ben Black Bob Boobies Brain Brush C++ Canoodle Carbohydrate Cards Cat Cellphone Cheese Chocolate Color Countenance Crayons Dark Density Destruction Dodge Dog Door Dover Downe Dragon Duck Ecstatic Eggplant Eggs Eileen Elizebeth English Green Grove Handle Henpecked High Invariable Japan Java Jessica Justin Kenneth Knife Knob Lemon Light Liza Love Love Low Marshmallows Mask Mint Movie My Notes One Orient Ostrich Palpitate Panda Peace Pencil Penguin Phalanx Pills Pink Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis Pressure Primal Programming Rick Rolled Rondo Sam Scabbiest Scrumptious Silicon Speaker Sulk Sushi Temperature Titmouse Tony Twiat Umbrella Victoria White Widge Wood Xiomara Yellow Zebra Zoo There is currently 100 names in the array! ------------------------------------------------------------ Welcome to the name sorting program... From the following menu, select an option R - Read in names from a file for sorting E - Enter in names manually for sorting D - Display the current names in the array S - Sort the current names in the array C - Clear the current names in the array Q - Quit >> q
Saving the current contents of the array to the ouptut file.. Success!

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