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C++ || Knapsack Problem Using Dynamic Programming

November 03, 2013 admin No comments

The program demonstrated on this page extends the previously implemented Exhaustive Search algorithm, this time using Dynamic Programming to find a solution to this problem.

Debian Package Overview	Select Show
Debian is a well-established GNU/Linux distribution. Ubuntu Linux, arguably the most popular Linux distribution, is based on Debian. Debian software is organized into packages. Each package corresponds to a software component, such as the GCC compiler or Firefox web browser. There are packages not only for the software that comprises the operating system, but also end-user applications. Nearly every piece of noteworthy open source software has a corresponding package. There are currently over 29,000 Debian source code packages available. This wide selection of packages is mostly a good thing. However it poses a problem for creating installation media – the floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, or flash drive images that administrators use to install the operating system. If a user wants to install a package that is missing from their installation media they need to download it over the internet, so it is beneficial to include as many packages as possible. It is impractical to include every package on those media, so the Debian project needs to select a small subset of important packages to include. Another part of Debian is the Popularity Contest, or popcon: The Popularity Contest tries to measure the popularity of each Debian package. Users may elect to participate, in which case the list of their installed packages is transmitted back to Debian. These lists are tallied as votes. So, thanks to popcon, we can get a vote tally for each package.

Debian Package Overview

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==== 1. THE PROBLEM ====

The Exhaustive Search algorithm ran in O(2n) time and was very slow.

The goal of this program is to implement a dynamic programming algorithm which runs in O(n2 • W) time, returning the optimal set of items/packages contained in the input file, which is fast enough to produce solutions to inputs of realistic size.

This program solves the following problem:

Input: A list of Debian packages, each with a size (in kilobytes) and number of votes, both of which are integers; and an integer W representing the capacity of the install media (in kilobytes).

Output: The set of packages with total size ≤ W , such that the total number of package votes is maximized.

In terms of the knapsack problem, the Debian package votes correspond to knapsack values, and our Debian package sizes correspond to knapsack weights.

==== 2. THE INPUT ====

The following file (knapsack_packages.txt) contains the name, size, and votes for approximately 36,000 binary Debian packages that are currently available on the amd64 platform, and have popcon information.

The file obeys the following format:

[ number of packages ] [ name 0 ] [ space ] [ votes 0 ] [ space ] [ size 0 ] [ newline ] [ name 1 ] [ space ] [ votes 1 ] [ space ] [ size 1 ] [ newline ] [ name 2 ] [ space ] [ votes 2 ] [ space ] [ size 2 ] [ newline ] ...

The packages are arranged within the file in sorted order, from the largest number of votes to the smallest.

==== 3. FLOW OF CONTROL ====

A test harness program is created which executes the above function and measures the elapsed time of the code corresponding to the algorithm in question. The test program will perform the following steps:

1. Load the "knapsack_packages.txt" file into memory.
2. Input size "n" and weight "W" as variables. 3. Execute the dynamic knapsack algorithm. The output of this algorithm should be the best combination sequence of packages.
4. Print the first 20 packages from the solution. A solution is the best sequence of packages, displaying the name of the package, the votes, and the size of each package, as well as the total votes and total size of the entire solution.

A knapsack problem instances is created of varying input sizes “n” by using the first “n” entries in the file knapsack_packages.txt. In other words, to create a problem instance with n = 100, only use the first 100 packages listed in the file as input.

==== 4. TEST HARNESS ====

Note: This program uses two external header files (Timer.h and Project2.h).
• Code for the Timer class (Timer.h) can be found here.
• Code for “Project2.h” can be found here.
• “Project5.h” is listed below.





		
		
			Dynamic Knapsack Test Harness
			
C++
			
			// =============================================================================
//    Author: K Perkins
//    Date:   Nov 3, 2013
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  main.cpp
//    Description: This is the test harness program which runs the code and 
//       measures the elapsed time of the code corresponding to the algorithm 
//       in question. 
//
//       This test program will reduce the problem of selecting which Debian
//       Linux packages to include on installation media, using the knapsack
//       problem. The goal is to implement a dynamic programming algorithm
//       for the knapsack problem, returning an optimal set of items/packages
//       which is fast enough to produce solutions to inputs of realistic size.
// =============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cassert>
#include <fstream>
#include <vector>
#include "Timer.h"
#include "Project2.h"
#include "Project5.h"
using namespace std;

// the maximum weight
const int MAX_WEIGHT = 65536;

// the number of packages to examine
const int NUM_PACKAGES = 36149;

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	Timer timer;
	Project5 proj5;
	Project2 proj2;
	PackageStats access;
	ifstream infile;
	vector<PackageStats> packages;
	vector<PackageStats> bestCombo;	
	vector<int> knapResult;
	int* packageWeight = new int[NUM_PACKAGES];
	int* packageVotes = new int[NUM_PACKAGES];
	int totPackages = 0;

	// open file & make sure it exists
	infile.open("knapsack_packages.txt");
	if(infile.fail())
	{
		cout<<"nCant find file!n";
		exit(1);
	}

	// get the total number of packages from the file
	infile >> totPackages;	
	
	// make sure there are enough packages in the file
	assert(NUM_PACKAGES <= totPackages);
    
	// get the remaining info from the file
	//                      std::string        int             int    
	for(int x=0;(infile >> access.name >> access.votes >> access.size)
		&& x < NUM_PACKAGES; ++x)
	{
		packages.push_back(access);
		packageWeight[x] = access.size;
		packageVotes[x] = access.votes;
	}
	infile.close();
	
	// display stats
	cerr<<"n = "<<NUM_PACKAGES<<", W = "<<MAX_WEIGHT
		<<"nn-- Dynamic Search Solution --n";

	// start the timer
	timer.Start();
	
	// return a vector containing the array indexes
	// of the best knapsack package solution
	knapResult = proj5.DynamicKnapsack(packageWeight, packageVotes, NUM_PACKAGES, MAX_WEIGHT);
	
	// stop the timer
	timer.Stop();
	
	// using the data found from above, return
	// the packages that reside in those array indexes
	bestCombo = proj5.ReturnBest(packages, knapResult);
	
	// display info to the screen
	cout<<"n- Number of packages generated in this set: "<<bestCombo.size()
		<<"nn- First 20 packages..nn";		
	
	// display the best solution packages
	proj2.Display(bestCombo, 20);	
	
	// display the size and total votes
	cout<<"nTotal Size = "<<proj2.TotalSize(bestCombo)<<" -- Total Votes = "
		<<proj2.TotalVotes(bestCombo)<<endl;

	// display the elapsed time
	cout<<endl<<"It took "<<timer.Elapsed()*1000
		<<" clicks ("<<timer.Elapsed()<<" seconds)"<<endl;

	delete[] packageWeight;
	delete[] packageVotes;
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// =============================================================================
//    Author: K Perkins
//    Date:   Nov 3, 2013
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  main.cpp
//    Description: This is the test harness program which runs the code and 
//       measures the elapsed time of the code corresponding to the algorithm 
//       in question. 
//
//       This test program will reduce the problem of selecting which Debian
//       Linux packages to include on installation media, using the knapsack
//       problem. The goal is to implement a dynamic programming algorithm
//       for the knapsack problem, returning an optimal set of items/packages
//       which is fast enough to produce solutions to inputs of realistic size.
// =============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cassert>
#include <fstream>
#include <vector>
#include "Timer.h"
#include "Project2.h"
#include "Project5.h"
using namespace std;
 
// the maximum weight
const int MAX_WEIGHT = 65536;
 
// the number of packages to examine
const int NUM_PACKAGES = 36149;
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	Timer timer;
	Project5 proj5;
	Project2 proj2;
	PackageStats access;
	ifstream infile;
	vector<PackageStats> packages;
	vector<PackageStats> bestCombo;	
	vector<int> knapResult;
	int* packageWeight = new int[NUM_PACKAGES];
	int* packageVotes = new int[NUM_PACKAGES];
	int totPackages = 0;
 
	// open file & make sure it exists
	infile.open("knapsack_packages.txt");
	if(infile.fail())
	{
		cout<<"nCant find file!n";
		exit(1);
	}
 
	// get the total number of packages from the file
	infile >> totPackages;	
	
	// make sure there are enough packages in the file
	assert(NUM_PACKAGES <= totPackages);
    
	// get the remaining info from the file
	//                      std::string        int             int    
	for(int x=0;(infile >> access.name >> access.votes >> access.size)
		&& x < NUM_PACKAGES; ++x)
	{
		packages.push_back(access);
		packageWeight[x] = access.size;
		packageVotes[x] = access.votes;
	}
	infile.close();
	
	// display stats
	cerr<<"n = "<<NUM_PACKAGES<<", W = "<<MAX_WEIGHT
		<<"nn-- Dynamic Search Solution --n";
 
	// start the timer
	timer.Start();
	
	// return a vector containing the array indexes
	// of the best knapsack package solution
	knapResult = proj5.DynamicKnapsack(packageWeight, packageVotes, NUM_PACKAGES, MAX_WEIGHT);
	
	// stop the timer
	timer.Stop();
	
	// using the data found from above, return
	// the packages that reside in those array indexes
	bestCombo = proj5.ReturnBest(packages, knapResult);
	
	// display info to the screen
	cout<<"n- Number of packages generated in this set: "<<bestCombo.size()
		<<"nn- First 20 packages..nn";		
	
	// display the best solution packages
	proj2.Display(bestCombo, 20);	
	
	// display the size and total votes
	cout<<"nTotal Size = "<<proj2.TotalSize(bestCombo)<<" -- Total Votes = "
		<<proj2.TotalVotes(bestCombo)<<endl;
 
	// display the elapsed time
	cout<<endl<<"It took "<<timer.Elapsed()*1000
		<<" clicks ("<<timer.Elapsed()<<" seconds)"<<endl;
 
	delete[] packageWeight;
	delete[] packageVotes;
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

==== 5. THE ALGORITHMS – “include Project5.h” ====





		
		
			Knapsack Problem Using Dynamic Programming
			
C++
			
			// =============================================================================
//    Author: K Perkins
//    Date:   Nov 3, 2013
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  Project5.h
//    Description: This is a simple class which holds the functions for 
//       project 5
// =============================================================================
#ifndef PROJECT5_H
#define PROJECT5_H

#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include "Project2.h"
using std::vector;

struct PackageSet
{
	int index;
	int weight;
	vector<int> appearances;
};

class Project5
{
public:
	Project5(){}

	vector<int> DynamicKnapsack(int packageWeight[], int packageVotes[],
		int numPackages, int maxWeight)
	{
		// declare variables
		vector<int> best;
		vector<int> temp;
		vector<PackageSet> pset;
		int** T = new int*[numPackages+1];
		int deleted = 0;
		int currWeight = maxWeight;
		bool dontCheck = false;		

		for(int x=0; x <= numPackages; ++x)
		{
			T[x] = new int[maxWeight+1];
			PackageSet access;
			dontCheck = false;
			temp.clear();
			
			for(int y=0; y <= maxWeight; ++y)
			{
				if(x==0 || y==0)
				{
					T[x][y] = 0;
				}
				else if(packageWeight[x-1] <= y)
				{
					T[x][y] = std::max(T[x-1][y-packageWeight[x-1]]
							+ packageVotes[x-1], T[x-1][y]);
					if(T[x][y] == (T[x-1][y-packageWeight[x-1]] 
							+ packageVotes[x-1]))
					{	
						// if we find a valid packet, place it into 
						// the temp vector for storage
						if(!dontCheck &&
							!(std::find(temp.begin(), temp.end(), 
							packageWeight[x-1]) != temp.end()))
						{
							temp.push_back(packageWeight[x-1]);							
						}		
						// find all of the weight instances where
						// this packet is "valid"
						access.appearances.push_back(y);
						dontCheck = true;
					}
				}
				else
				{
					T[x][y] = T[x-1][y]; 
				}
			}// end for loop

			// gather info about the packet we just found
			if((std::find(temp.begin(), temp.end(), 
					packageWeight[x-1]) != temp.end()))
			{			
				access.index = x-1;
				access.weight = packageWeight[x-1];
				pset.push_back(access);
			}
			
			// memory management, used to delete
			// array indexes thats no longer in use
			if(x > 1)
			{
				delete[] T[deleted++];
			}
		}// end for loop		

		delete[] T;
		
		// obtain the best possible knapsack solutuion, and save
		// their array indexes into a vector, starting from the end
		// NOTE: this places the knapsack solution in opposite (reverse) order
		for(int x = pset.size()-1; x >= 0; --x)
		{
			if(IsSolution(pset, x, currWeight))
			{
				best.push_back(pset.at(x).index);
				currWeight -= pset.at(x).weight;
			}
			pset.pop_back();
		}
		
		// reverse the vector back into ascending order
		std::reverse(best.begin(), best.end());

		return best;
	}// end of DynamicKnapsack

	bool IsSolution(vector<PackageSet>& pset, int index, int currWeight)
	{
		return std::find(pset.at(index).appearances.begin(), 
			pset.at(index).appearances.end(), currWeight) != 
			pset.at(index).appearances.end();
	}// end of IsSolution

	vector<PackageStats> ReturnBest(vector<PackageStats>& packages,
		vector<int>& knapResult)
	{
		vector<PackageStats> best;
		for(unsigned x=0; x < knapResult.size(); ++x)
		{
			best.push_back(packages.at(knapResult.at(x)));
		}
		return best;
	}// end of ReturnBest

	~Project5(){}
};
#endif // http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// =============================================================================
//    Author: K Perkins
//    Date:   Nov 3, 2013
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  Project5.h
//    Description: This is a simple class which holds the functions for 
//       project 5
// =============================================================================
#ifndef PROJECT5_H
#define PROJECT5_H
 
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include "Project2.h"
using std::vector;
 
struct PackageSet
{
	int index;
	int weight;
	vector<int> appearances;
};
 
class Project5
{
public:
	Project5(){}
 
	vector<int> DynamicKnapsack(int packageWeight[], int packageVotes[],
		int numPackages, int maxWeight)
	{
		// declare variables
		vector<int> best;
		vector<int> temp;
		vector<PackageSet> pset;
		int** T = new int*[numPackages+1];
		int deleted = 0;
		int currWeight = maxWeight;
		bool dontCheck = false;		
 
		for(int x=0; x <= numPackages; ++x)
		{
			T[x] = new int[maxWeight+1];
			PackageSet access;
			dontCheck = false;
			temp.clear();
			
			for(int y=0; y <= maxWeight; ++y)
			{
				if(x==0 || y==0)
				{
					T[x][y] = 0;
				}
				else if(packageWeight[x-1] <= y)
				{
					T[x][y] = std::max(T[x-1][y-packageWeight[x-1]]
							+ packageVotes[x-1], T[x-1][y]);
					if(T[x][y] == (T[x-1][y-packageWeight[x-1]] 
							+ packageVotes[x-1]))
					{	
						// if we find a valid packet, place it into 
						// the temp vector for storage
						if(!dontCheck &&
							!(std::find(temp.begin(), temp.end(), 
							packageWeight[x-1]) != temp.end()))
						{
							temp.push_back(packageWeight[x-1]);							
						}		
						// find all of the weight instances where
						// this packet is "valid"
						access.appearances.push_back(y);
						dontCheck = true;
					}
				}
				else
				{
					T[x][y] = T[x-1][y]; 
				}
			}// end for loop
 
			// gather info about the packet we just found
			if((std::find(temp.begin(), temp.end(), 
					packageWeight[x-1]) != temp.end()))
			{			
				access.index = x-1;
				access.weight = packageWeight[x-1];
				pset.push_back(access);
			}
			
			// memory management, used to delete
			// array indexes thats no longer in use
			if(x > 1)
			{
				delete[] T[deleted++];
			}
		}// end for loop		
 
		delete[] T;
		
		// obtain the best possible knapsack solutuion, and save
		// their array indexes into a vector, starting from the end
		// NOTE: this places the knapsack solution in opposite (reverse) order
		for(int x = pset.size()-1; x >= 0; --x)
		{
			if(IsSolution(pset, x, currWeight))
			{
				best.push_back(pset.at(x).index);
				currWeight -= pset.at(x).weight;
			}
			pset.pop_back();
		}
		
		// reverse the vector back into ascending order
		std::reverse(best.begin(), best.end());
 
		return best;
	}// end of DynamicKnapsack
 
	bool IsSolution(vector<PackageSet>& pset, int index, int currWeight)
	{
		return std::find(pset.at(index).appearances.begin(), 
			pset.at(index).appearances.end(), currWeight) != 
			pset.at(index).appearances.end();
	}// end of IsSolution
 
	vector<PackageStats> ReturnBest(vector<PackageStats>& packages,
		vector<int>& knapResult)
	{
		vector<PackageStats> best;
		for(unsigned x=0; x < knapResult.size(); ++x)
		{
			best.push_back(packages.at(knapResult.at(x)));
		}
		return best;
	}// end of ReturnBest
 
	~Project5(){}
};
#endif // http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Note: Dont forget to include the input file!

The following is sample output:

=== RUN #1 ===
n = 36149, W = 65536 -- Dynamic Search Solution -- - Number of packages generated in this set: 764 - First 20 packages.. debianutils 90 128329 libgcc1 46 128327 debconf 168 121503 grep 595 121426 gzip 142 121346 sed 261 121220 findutils 805 121173 lsb-base 26 121121 sysv-rc 80 121092 sysvinit-utils 116 121078 base-files 65 121072 initscripts 93 121037 util-linux 846 121022 mount 272 120961 libselinux1 109 120918 cron 120 120872 base-passwd 49 120856 tzdata 488 120813 logrotate 64 120745 popularity-contest 67 120729 Total Size = 65536 -- Total Votes = 25250749 It took 33500 clicks (33.50 seconds) === RUN #2 === n = 36149, W = 800000 -- Dynamic Search Solution -- - Number of packages generated in this set: 4406 - First 20 packages.. debianutils 90 128329 libgcc1 46 128327 dpkg 2672 128294 perl-base 1969 127369 debconf 168 121503 grep 595 121426 gzip 142 121346 login 980 121332 coreutils 6505 121240 bash 1673 121229 sed 261 121220 findutils 805 121173 lsb-base 26 121121 sysv-rc 80 121092 sysvinit-utils 116 121078 base-files 65 121072 initscripts 93 121037 util-linux 846 121022 mount 272 120961 libselinux1 109 120918 Total Size = 800000 -- Total Votes = 41588693
It took 608760 clicks (608.76 seconds)

C++ || Knapsack Problem Using Exhaustive Search

November 02, 2013 admin No comments

The following is another homework assignment which was presented in an Algorithm Engineering class. Using a custom timer class, the following is a program which reduces the problem of selecting which Debian Linux packages to include on installation media, to the classical knapsack problem. This program implements an exhaustive search algorithm for this problem, and displays its performance running time to the screen.

NOTE: Looking for the Dynamic Programming version to this problem? Click here!

==== 1. OVERVIEW ====

Debian is a well-established GNU/Linux distribution. Ubuntu Linux, arguably the most popular Linux distribution, is based on Debian. Debian software is organized into packages. Each package corresponds to a software component, such as the GCC compiler or Firefox web browser. There are packages not only for the software that comprises the operating system, but also end-user applications. Nearly every piece of noteworthy open source software has a corresponding package. There are currently over 29,000 Debian source code packages available.

This wide selection of packages is mostly a good thing. However it poses a problem for creating installation media – the floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, or flash drive images that administrators use to install the operating system. If a user wants to install a package that is missing from their installation media they need to download it over the internet, so it is beneficial to include as many packages as possible. It is impractical to include every package on those media, so the Debian project needs to select a small subset of important packages to include.

Another part of Debian is the Popularity Contest, or popcon:

The Popularity Contest tries to measure the popularity of each Debian package. Users may elect to participate, in which case the list of their installed packages is transmitted back to Debian. These lists are tallied as votes. So, thanks to popcon, we can get a vote tally for each package.

==== 2. THE PROBLEM ====

This program solves the following problem:

Output: The set of packages with total size ≤ W , such that the total number of package votes is maximized.

In terms of the knapsack problem, the Debian package votes correspond to knapsack values, and our Debian package sizes correspond to knapsack weights.

==== 3. THE INPUT ====

The file obeys the following format:

[ number of packages ] [ name 0 ] [ space ] [ votes 0 ] [ space ] [ size 0 ] [ newline ] [ name 1 ] [ space ] [ votes 1 ] [ space ] [ size 1 ] [ newline ] [ name 2 ] [ space ] [ votes 2 ] [ space ] [ size 2 ] [ newline ] ...

The packages are arranged within the file in sorted order, from the largest number of votes to the smallest.

==== 4. FLOW OF CONTROL ====

1. Load the "knapsack_packages.txt" file into memory. 2. Input size "n" and weight "W" as variables. 3. Execute the exhaustive search knapsack algorithm. The output of this algorithm should be the best combination sequence of packages. 4. Print the solution. A solution is the best sequence of packages, displaying the name of the package, the votes, and the size of each package, as well as the total votes and total size of the entire solution.

==== 5. TEST HARNESS ====

Note: This program uses a custom Timer class (Timer.h). To obtain code for that class, click here.

“Project2.h” is listed below.





		
		
			Exhaustive Knapsack Test Harness
			
C++
			
			// =============================================================================
//    Author: K Perkins
//    Date:   Nov 2, 2013
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  main.cpp
//    Description: This is the test harness program which runs the code and 
//       measures the elapsed time of the code corresponding to the algorithm 
//       in question. This test program will reduce the problem of selecting 
//       which Debian Linux packages to include on installation media, using the 
//       knapsack problem. An exhaustive search algorithm is used, and a measure 
//       of its performance is recorded.
// =============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cassert>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "Timer.h"
#include "Project2.h"
using namespace std;

// the maximum weight
const int MAX_WEIGHT = 65536;

// the number of packages to examine
const int NUM_PACKAGES = 24;

int main()
{
	// declare variables
	Timer timer;
	Project2 proj2;
	ifstream infile;
	PackageStats access;
	vector<PackageStats> packages;
	vector<PackageStats> bestCombo;	
	int totPackages = 0;

	// open file & make sure it exists
	infile.open("knapsack_packages.txt");
	if(infile.fail())
	{
		cerr<<"nCant find file!n";
		exit(1);
	}

	// get the total number of packages from the file
	infile >> totPackages;	
	
	// make sure there are enough packages in the file
	assert(NUM_PACKAGES <= totPackages);
	
	// display stats
	cerr<<"n = "<<NUM_PACKAGES<<", W = "<<MAX_WEIGHT
		<<"nn-- Exhaustive Search Solution --nn";	
	
	// get the remaining info from the file
	//                      std::string        int             int
	for(int x=0; (infile >> access.name >> access.votes >> access.size)
		&& x < NUM_PACKAGES; ++x)
	{
		packages.push_back(access);
	}
	infile.close();

	// start the timer
	timer.Start();
	
	// find the best knapsack subset solution
	bestCombo = proj2.ExhaustiveKnapsack(packages, MAX_WEIGHT);
	
	// stop the timer
	timer.Stop();

	// display the best solution packages
	proj2.Display(bestCombo, bestCombo.size());

	// display the size and total votes
	cout<<"nTotal Size = "<<proj2.TotalSize(bestCombo)<<" -- Total Votes = "
		<<proj2.TotalVotes(bestCombo)<<endl;

	// display the elapsed time
	cout<<"nIt took "<<timer.Elapsed()*1000
		<<" clicks ("<<timer.Elapsed()<<" seconds)"<<endl;

	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// =============================================================================
//    Author: K Perkins
//    Date:   Nov 2, 2013
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  main.cpp
//    Description: This is the test harness program which runs the code and 
//       measures the elapsed time of the code corresponding to the algorithm 
//       in question. This test program will reduce the problem of selecting 
//       which Debian Linux packages to include on installation media, using the 
//       knapsack problem. An exhaustive search algorithm is used, and a measure 
//       of its performance is recorded.
// =============================================================================
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cassert>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "Timer.h"
#include "Project2.h"
using namespace std;
 
// the maximum weight
const int MAX_WEIGHT = 65536;
 
// the number of packages to examine
const int NUM_PACKAGES = 24;
 
int main()
{
	// declare variables
	Timer timer;
	Project2 proj2;
	ifstream infile;
	PackageStats access;
	vector<PackageStats> packages;
	vector<PackageStats> bestCombo;	
	int totPackages = 0;
 
	// open file & make sure it exists
	infile.open("knapsack_packages.txt");
	if(infile.fail())
	{
		cerr<<"nCant find file!n";
		exit(1);
	}
 
	// get the total number of packages from the file
	infile >> totPackages;	
	
	// make sure there are enough packages in the file
	assert(NUM_PACKAGES <= totPackages);
	
	// display stats
	cerr<<"n = "<<NUM_PACKAGES<<", W = "<<MAX_WEIGHT
		<<"nn-- Exhaustive Search Solution --nn";	
	
	// get the remaining info from the file
	//                      std::string        int             int
	for(int x=0; (infile >> access.name >> access.votes >> access.size)
		&& x < NUM_PACKAGES; ++x)
	{
		packages.push_back(access);
	}
	infile.close();
 
	// start the timer
	timer.Start();
	
	// find the best knapsack subset solution
	bestCombo = proj2.ExhaustiveKnapsack(packages, MAX_WEIGHT);
	
	// stop the timer
	timer.Stop();
 
	// display the best solution packages
	proj2.Display(bestCombo, bestCombo.size());
 
	// display the size and total votes
	cout<<"nTotal Size = "<<proj2.TotalSize(bestCombo)<<" -- Total Votes = "
		<<proj2.TotalVotes(bestCombo)<<endl;
 
	// display the elapsed time
	cout<<"nIt took "<<timer.Elapsed()*1000
		<<" clicks ("<<timer.Elapsed()<<" seconds)"<<endl;
 
	return 0;
}// http://programmingnotes.org/

==== 6. THE ALGORITHMS – “include Project2.h” ====





		
		
			Knapsack Problem Using Exhaustive Search
			
C++
			
			// =============================================================================
//    Author: K Perkins
//    Date:   Nov 2, 2013
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  Project2.h
//    Description: This is a simple class which holds the functions for 
//       project 2
// =============================================================================
#ifndef PROJECT2_H
#define PROJECT2_H

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using std::vector;
using std::string;

// structure to hold the items contained in the file
struct PackageStats
{
	string name;
	int votes;
	int size;
};

class Project2
{
public:
	Project2(){}
	vector<PackageStats> ExhaustiveKnapsack(vector<PackageStats>& packages, int weight)
	{	
		vector<PackageStats> best;	
		int* subsets = new int[packages.size()];		
		int bestVote = 0;

		// generate subsets (2^n possibilities)
		for(unsigned x=0; x < (unsigned)(1 << (int)packages.size()); ++x)
		{	
			int index = 0;	
			int totalSize = 0;
			int totalVotes = 0;
			
			// generate subsets using binary digits
			for(unsigned y=0; y < packages.size(); ++y)
			{
				if(((x >> y) & 1) == 1)
				{
					subsets[index++] = y;
					totalSize += packages.at(y).size;
					totalVotes += packages.at(y).votes;
				}
			}
			// find the best combination of subsets
			if((totalSize <= weight) && (best.empty() || (totalVotes > bestVote)))
			{	
				bestVote = totalVotes;
				best = ReturnBest(packages, subsets, index);
			}			
		}
		delete[] subsets;
		return best;
	}// end of ExhaustiveKnapsack

	int TotalSize(vector<PackageStats>& packages, vector<int> s = vector<int>())
	{
		int total = 0;

		// if theres 2 parameters
		if(!s.empty())
		{
			for(unsigned x=0; x < s.size(); ++x)
			{
				total += packages.at(s.at(x)).size;
			}
		}
		else // if theres only 1
		{
			for(unsigned x=0; x < packages.size(); ++x)
			{
				total += packages.at(x).size;
			}
		}
		return total;
	}// end of TotalSize

	int TotalVotes(vector<PackageStats>& packages, vector<int> s = vector<int>())
	{
		int total = 0;

		// if theres 2 parameters
		if(!s.empty())
		{
			for(unsigned x=0; x < s.size(); ++x)
			{
				total += packages.at(s.at(x)).votes;
			}
		}
		else // if theres only 1
		{
			for(unsigned x=0; x < packages.size(); ++x)
			{
				total += packages.at(x).votes;
			}
		}
		return total;
	}// end of TotalVotes

	vector<PackageStats> ReturnBest(vector<PackageStats>& packages, int subsets[], int size)
	{
		vector<PackageStats> best;
		for(int x=0; x < size; ++x)
		{
			best.push_back(packages.at(subsets[x]));
		}
		return best;
	}// end of ReturnBest
	
	void Display(vector<PackageStats>& packages, unsigned size)
	{
		for(unsigned x=0; x < size && x < packages.size(); ++x)
		{
			std::cout<<packages.at(x).name<<" "
			     <<packages.at(x).size<<" "<<packages.at(x).votes<<std::endl;
		}
	}// end of Display	
	~Project2(){}
};
#endif // http://programmingnotes.org/
			
				
					
				
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						// =============================================================================
//    Author: K Perkins
//    Date:   Nov 2, 2013
//    Taken From: http://programmingnotes.org/
//    File:  Project2.h
//    Description: This is a simple class which holds the functions for 
//       project 2
// =============================================================================
#ifndef PROJECT2_H
#define PROJECT2_H
 
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using std::vector;
using std::string;
 
// structure to hold the items contained in the file
struct PackageStats
{
	string name;
	int votes;
	int size;
};
 
class Project2
{
public:
	Project2(){}
	vector<PackageStats> ExhaustiveKnapsack(vector<PackageStats>& packages, int weight)
	{	
		vector<PackageStats> best;	
		int* subsets = new int[packages.size()];		
		int bestVote = 0;
 
		// generate subsets (2^n possibilities)
		for(unsigned x=0; x < (unsigned)(1 << (int)packages.size()); ++x)
		{	
			int index = 0;	
			int totalSize = 0;
			int totalVotes = 0;
			
			// generate subsets using binary digits
			for(unsigned y=0; y < packages.size(); ++y)
			{
				if(((x >> y) & 1) == 1)
				{
					subsets[index++] = y;
					totalSize += packages.at(y).size;
					totalVotes += packages.at(y).votes;
				}
			}
			// find the best combination of subsets
			if((totalSize <= weight) && (best.empty() || (totalVotes > bestVote)))
			{	
				bestVote = totalVotes;
				best = ReturnBest(packages, subsets, index);
			}			
		}
		delete[] subsets;
		return best;
	}// end of ExhaustiveKnapsack
 
	int TotalSize(vector<PackageStats>& packages, vector<int> s = vector<int>())
	{
		int total = 0;
 
		// if theres 2 parameters
		if(!s.empty())
		{
			for(unsigned x=0; x < s.size(); ++x)
			{
				total += packages.at(s.at(x)).size;
			}
		}
		else // if theres only 1
		{
			for(unsigned x=0; x < packages.size(); ++x)
			{
				total += packages.at(x).size;
			}
		}
		return total;
	}// end of TotalSize
 
	int TotalVotes(vector<PackageStats>& packages, vector<int> s = vector<int>())
	{
		int total = 0;
 
		// if theres 2 parameters
		if(!s.empty())
		{
			for(unsigned x=0; x < s.size(); ++x)
			{
				total += packages.at(s.at(x)).votes;
			}
		}
		else // if theres only 1
		{
			for(unsigned x=0; x < packages.size(); ++x)
			{
				total += packages.at(x).votes;
			}
		}
		return total;
	}// end of TotalVotes
 
	vector<PackageStats> ReturnBest(vector<PackageStats>& packages, int subsets[], int size)
	{
		vector<PackageStats> best;
		for(int x=0; x < size; ++x)
		{
			best.push_back(packages.at(subsets[x]));
		}
		return best;
	}// end of ReturnBest
	
	void Display(vector<PackageStats>& packages, unsigned size)
	{
		for(unsigned x=0; x < size && x < packages.size(); ++x)
		{
			std::cout<<packages.at(x).name<<" "
			     <<packages.at(x).size<<" "<<packages.at(x).votes<<std::endl;
		}
	}// end of Display	
	~Project2(){}
};
#endif // http://programmingnotes.org/

QUICK NOTES:
The highlighted lines are sections of interest to look out for.

NOTE: Looking for the Dynamic Programming version to this problem? Click here!

The code is heavily commented, so no further insight is necessary. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below.

Note: Dont forget to include the input file!

The following is sample output:

n = 24, W = 65536
-- Exhaustive Search Solution -- debianutils 90 128329 libgcc1 46 128327 dpkg 2672 128294 perl-base 1969 127369 debconf 168 121503 grep 595 121426 gzip 142 121346 login 980 121332 coreutils 6505 121240 bash 1673 121229 sed 261 121220 findutils 805 121173 lsb-base 26 121121 sysv-rc 80 121092 sysvinit-utils 116 121078 base-files 65 121072 initscripts 93 121037 util-linux 846 121022 mount 272 120961 libselinux1 109 120918 cron 120 120872 base-passwd 49 120856 apt 1356 120826 tzdata 488 120813 Total Size = 19526 -- Total Votes = 2934456
It took 19140 clicks (19.14 seconds)

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